scholarly journals State of the art olfactometers. Different types

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
Human Use ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High ◽  
Human Olfaction

The complexity of human olfaction is very high and the importance of being able to measure it directly, objectively and qualitatively has led experts to search for mechanisms that can be applied. Human beings use this sense, which is one of the oldest, to recognize danger and distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant odors. Smells are mixtures of molecules that, at different concentrations in the inhaled air, stimulate the olfactory area and are recognized at the brain level. Therefore, there is a coding and decoding system. Human olfactometer techniques use equipment designed to be able to measure its intensity and quality of volatile substances. If we are able to measure this sense, we will be able to know its variations and be able to make clinical diagnoses in normal and pathological conditions and diagnose the losses that occur in certain infectious, degenerative diseases, traumatic processes and other variants. For many years, systems have been developed that can measure subjective olfaction in humans, as well as objective forms, but it is also true that there is no equipment available that is fast, simple handling and that can be applied in daily clinical services. Aim of the Study Present the recent achievements in olfactometer technology; Elaborate the scientific articles about olfactometry published mainly in the last 10 years; To gather the information published in the last years in relation to the usefulness, existence in the market and purposes of equipment that can measure the odors, what we will call the Smell-o-meter or olfactometer for human use. Material and Methods: In the first part of this research we will gather most of the information existing so far in international bibliography, as well as the achievements and utilities obtained to date. Following, we will analyze all the new concepts related to smell-o-meters devices that exist on the market and assess the possibility, based on what has been done so far, to seek new practical systems for application in the medical field.

scholarly journals Glucose status in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in different meningitic children in a hospital in Chittagong, Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Sharmistha Mitra ◽  
Robiul Hasan Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Arifuzzaman ◽  
Mohammad Sayedul Islam ◽  
Mahmood A Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Viral Meningitis ◽  
Pyogenic Meningitis ◽  
Detailed Medical History ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High ◽  
Potential Tool ◽  
Glucose Status

Meningitis is referred to as an inflammatory process of the leptomeninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the sub-arachnoid space of the brain. We have investigated glucose status in CSF in different types of meningitis together with detailed medical history in children. In addition, we have also carried out the detailed cytological and microbiological examinations. A total of 40 subjects were investigated. We observed that the glucose level was significantly decreased (<20 mg/dl) in 65%, moderately decreased (20-40 mg/dl) in 20% and mildly decreased (40-50mg/dl) in 15% of the patients in our study. Patients with Pyogenic meningitis had tremendously reduced glucose level (9.0 mg/dl) in their CSF whereas in viral meningitis the CSF glucose level is highly variable (10 to 65 mg/dl). Furthermore, 5 (12.5%) patients showed high lymphocyte counts and 34 (85%) patients showed high neutrophil counts. Interestingly, in Pyogenic meningitis, the neutrophil count was very high compared to that in viral meningitis. The present study clearly demonstrates that biochemical parameters such as glucose level in CSF might be a potential tool for detecting meningitis and as well as differentiation of the different types of meningitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v6i1-2.17080 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 6(1&2):41-49, 2011

Mind, Intelligence and Spirit

1998 ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Pascual F. Martínez-Freire
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Chinese Room ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Personal Project ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

The mind is a collection of various classes of processes that can be studied empirically. To limit the field of mental processes we must follow the criteria of folk psychology. There are three kinds of mind: human, animal and mechanical. But the human mind is the paradigm or model of mind. The existence of mechanical minds is a serious challenge to the materialism or the mind-brain identity theory. Based on this existence we can put forward the antimaterialist argument of machines. Intelligence is a class of mental processes such that the mind is the genus and the intelligence is a species of this genus. The capacity to solve problems is a clear and definite criterion of intelligence. Again, like in the mind, the human intelligence is the paradigm of the intelligence. There are also three kinds of intelligence: human, animal and mechanical. Searle’s Chinese room argument is misleading because Searle believes that it is possible to maintain a sharp distinction between syntax and semantics. The reasonable dualism in the brain-mind problem defends the existence of brain-mental processes, physical-mental processes, and nonphysical-mental (spiritual) processes. Constitution of the personal project of life, self-consciousness and free volitions are examples of spiritual processes. Usually the intelligence has been considered the most important quality of human beings, but freedom, or the world of free volitions, is a more specific quality of human beings.

scholarly journals Role of Descending Dopaminergic Pathways in Pain Modulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1176-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsheng Li ◽  
Sufang Liu ◽  
Xihua Lu ◽  
Feng Tao
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathways ◽  
The Brain

Pain, especially when chronic, is a common reason patients seek medical care and it affects the quality of life and well-being of the patients. Unfortunately, currently available therapies for chronic pain are often inadequate because the neurobiological basis of such pain is still not fully understood. Although dopamine has been known as a neurotransmitter to mediate reward and motivation, accumulating evidence has shown that dopamine systems in the brain are also involved in the central regulation of chronic pain. Most importantly, descending dopaminergic pathways play an important role in pain modulation. In this review, we discuss dopamine receptors, dopaminergic systems in the brain, and the role of descending dopaminergic pathways in the modulation of different types of pain.

scholarly journals Classification of Watermelon using Sound Processing.

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 2489-2492
Keyword(s):  
Naive Bayes ◽  
Random Tree ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Sound Processing ◽  
Sound File ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Sound Files

In a country like India, wide variety of fruits are available. Fruits plays an important role in the health of human beings and naturally health improves, if the quality of the fruit is good. Grading of the watermelon quality helps the consumers and vendors. The proposed work is to classify the watermelons based on the sound. Sound file dataset is created manually by tapping the watermelon and recording the sound. Dataset consist of different types of watermelon. For this, different size, colour and shape of the watermelons are used. Features are extracted from the sound files. Naïve Bayes, SMO and Random Tree classifiers are used for classification. The proposed work has achieved average accuracy of 78.8 %.

scholarly journals TREND OF COLORS IN LIFE

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3SE) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Sadhana Vyas
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Light Waves ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Universe

Many beautiful things affect the life of human beings in the universe, colors have a prominent place among them. Colors contribute uniquely in making the environment attractive. Also, fill the life of a person with happiness, enthusiasm, enthusiasm and consciousness. Being a beautiful world of colors, they have their own importance. The variety of different colors attracts the attention of any person. Colors also show the expression of a person's emotions and emotions.According to Modern Sanctuary en Cyclopedia, "Color is one of the properties of light that the eye sees and different shapes are also formed by light waves." That is, the lack of special kind of stimulation on the retina by the brain is called color. Light is the source of colors. The feeling of color is related to the quality of reflecting or governing the light of each object. सृष्टि में कई सुंदर वस्तुएँ मनुष्य के जीवन को प्रभावित करती हैं, उनमें रंगों का प्रमुख स्थान है। रंग वातावरण को आकर्षक बनाने में अनूठा योगदान देते है। साथ ही व्यक्ति के जीवन को खुषी, उमंग, उत्साह एवं चेतना से भर देते है। रंगों की हसीन दुनिया होने के कारण इनका अपना अलग ही महत्व है। विविध रंगो की छटा किसी भी व्यक्ति का ध्यान बरबसही अपनी ओर खींच लेती है। रंग व्यक्ति के मनोभावों एवं संवेगों की अभिव्यक्ति भी प्रदर्षित करते है।मार्डन संेचुरी एन साइक्लोपीडिया के अनुसार ’’रंग प्रकाष का ही एक गुण है जिन्हें आंखे देखती है और जो विभिन्न आकार भी प्रकाष लहरों से बनते है।’’ अर्थात् मस्तिष्क द्वारा दृष्टिपटल पर विषेष प्रकार की उत्तेजना के अभाव को ही रंग कहते है। प्रकाष रंगों का स्रोत है। रंग की अनुभूति प्रत्येक वस्तु के प्रकाष को परावर्तित अथवा संचालित करने के गुण से संबंधित है।

A interculturalidade no contexto do ensino superior e as suas implicações epistemológicas

Tabebuia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Jan Linhart
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Intercultural Education ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Culturally Different ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Political Background

Despite its tremendous successes, science still fails (1.) to satisfactorily explain certain phenomena and (2.) to meaningfully integrate other, culturally distinct forms of knowledge to make them accessible to a wider scientific understanding. Research results presented in this article as well as experiences from intercultural education do suggest, that this difficulty to integrate "different" knowledge might be a specific quality of modern science, which is working as an operationally closed system of knowledge production and perpetuation (hypotheses I). In contrast, other (e.g. performative-narrative) knowledge systems seem to be able (1.) to integrate other (e.g. scientific) knowledge (hypotheses II) and (2.) to provide explanatory models for some noncausal phenomena still lacking of a consistent scientific explanation (hypotheses III).Intercultural education has lead to the development of intercultural spaces for knowledge construction or "contact zones" and some very interesting new concepts. But due to the political background of those developments, they do not provide viable solutions for the epistemological dilemma of science at large - and as a consequence, they do not guarantee for the legitimation of indigenous knowledge at the epistemological level. The author suggests to develop new epistemological dispositifs, which could serve as "hinges" between culturally different types of knowledge, and thus, open ways to mutual intercultural learning and new scientific approaches. But it is also put attention to institutional restrictions and power relations within scientific academia and further suggested to create new spaces for mutual intercultural learningoutside the academic realm.

Neurological induced incontinence in people with multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (Sup1) ◽  
pp. S37-S40
Author(s):  
Authors Barry Hill
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Neurogenic Bladder ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Urinary Catheter ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Urinary Catheterisation ◽  
The Brain

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are predisposed to neurological induced incontinence due to the pathophysiology of the disease. Aims: This short article aims to discuss the underpinning rationale of neurological induced incontinence in people with MS and explores urinary catheter options. Urinary catheters will be discussed, exploring different types of catheter, catheter sizing, and information on the manufacturers that can support patients and services as well as procurement needs for staff. Findings: Neurogenic bladder occurs when transmissions between the brain and the bladder are delayed or interrupted. While some people are born with neurogenic bladder issues, in the case of MS patients, the disease's effect on the brain through the development of lesions leads to progressively worsening body functions, quite often in the lower extremities. Conclusions: As bladder function degrades due to neurogenic bladder, patients with MS can experience frequent, painful or urgent urination, urinary incontinence, and urinary retention. Urinary catheterisation may be an option they use to manage their symptoms and may enhance their quality of life, enabling them to continue with other activities of daily living.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON THE GENETIC, BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL INCLUSION PARAMETERS OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE WITH AUTISM AND ASD

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Adults With Autism ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

There are different types of behavioral disorders of a genetic nature that affect human beings, among these we can mention the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). O ASD is a disorder where its carriers tend to have difficulties in social interaction, repetitive and impulsive behaviors, many times it is violent, also showing many difficulties to develop activities that are constantly practiced easily by other children, VAZ et al (2015). This form several methodologies are being developed for the inclusion of children carrying two disorders in schools of basic education, both as adults in institutions of higher education, since this inclusion will guarantee a better quality of life, as discussed in our work. SILVA (2009). The objective of this work was to carry out a systematic review of items most correlated to behavioral, nutritional and genetic aspects, apart from the conditions of inclusion of two individuals with ASD. In order to obtain the aforementioned objective, we have searched for papers that address these aspects, as well as means of social inclusion of children, young people and adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). During the days of searches carried out by the team, and a careful selection by means of reading abstracts and complete reading papers, we had a total of 20 papers, being only selected 6 jobs at the end. The collected results show that ASDs are caused by genetic hazards and that the problems about the behavioral conditions and inclusion had decrease a little by means of the advancement of science and improvement of techniques over a period years.

scholarly journals I’ve Gut A Feeling: Microbiota Impacting the Conceptual and Experimental Perspectives of Personalized Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 3756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amedeo Amedei ◽  
Federico Boem
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Change Of Perspective ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Complex Relationships

In recent years, the human microbiota has gained increasing relevance both in research and clinical fields. Increasing studies seem to suggest the centrality of the microbiota and its composition both in the development and maintenance of what we call “health” and in generating and/or favoring (those cases in which the microbiota’s complex relational architecture is dysregulated) the onset of pathological conditions. The complex relationships between the microbiota and human beings, which invest core notions of biomedicine such as “health” and “individual,” do concern not only problems of an empirical nature but seem to require the need to adopt new concepts and new perspectives in order to be properly analysed and utilized, especially for their therapeutic implementation. In this contribution we report and discuss some of the theoretical proposals and innovations (from the ecological component to the notion of polygenomic organism) aimed at producing this change of perspective. In conclusion, we summarily analyze what impact and what new challenges these new approaches might have on personalized/person centred/precision medicine.

PPARs in Neurodegenerative and Neuroinflammatory Pathways

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Benedetti ◽  
L. Cristiano ◽  
A. Antonosante ◽  
M. d'Angelo ◽  
B. d'Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Lipid Sensors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

Background: PPARs are lipid sensors activated by dietary lipids or their metabolites, mainly fatty acids and eicosanoids, that play critical roles in CNS biology, since brain has a very high lipid content and has the higher energetic metabolism in the body. Methods: In neurodegenerative diseases in addition to metabolic impairment, also neuroinflammation is observed and PPARs are also closely linked to inflammatory processes. Several studies have revealed a complicated relationship between the innate immune response and tissue metabolism. Results: In the brain, during pathological conditions, an alteration in metabolic status occurs, particularly involving glucose utilization and production, a condition which is generally related to metabolic changes. Conclusion: Taking into account the high expression of PPARs in the brain, this review will focus on the role of these transcription factors in CNS diseases.

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