scholarly journals Radiation Hazard, Safety, Control and Protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-103
Author(s):  
Md Hafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Paediatric Population ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Safety Control ◽  
Radiological Procedures

The field of Radiology and Nuclear medicine has advanced from era of X-rays to today's modern imaging techniques, most of which use the ionizing radiation. With the benefits of better diagnosis and treatment, it has caused manifold increase in radiation exposure to the patients and the radiology and nuclear medicine personnel. Many studies done till date have clearly documented the harmful effects of ionizing radiation from radiation exposure, especially cancer. This is more important in paediatric population as their tissues are more radiosensitive, and they have more years to live. Diagnostic and therapeutic radiological procedures including nuclear medicine are integral part of modern medical practices, exposing both patients and medical staff to ionizing radiation. Without proper protective measures, this radiation causes many negative health effects. Hence, proper knowledge and awareness regarding the radiation hazards and radiation protection is mandatory for health professionals, especially the nuclear medicine and radiology professionals. International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) has recommended two basic principles of radiation protection, justification of the practice and optimization of protection. Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jul 2019;14(2): 100-103

Radiation exposure of the staff at the therapeutic and diagnostic nuclear medicine department

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dolezal
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Personal Dosimetry ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Administered Activity

SummaryAim: To assess a radiation exposure and the quality of radiation protection concerning a nuclear medicine staff at our department as a six-year retrospective study. Therapeutic radionuclides such as 131I, 153Sm, 186Re, 32P, 90Y and diagnostic ones as a 99mTc, 201Tl, 67Ga, 111In were used. Material, method: The effective dose was evaluated in the period of 2001–2006 for nuclear medicine physicians (n = 5), technologists (n = 9) and radiopharmacists (n = 2). A personnel film dosimeter and thermoluminescent ring dosimeter for measuring (1-month periods) the personal dose equivalent Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) were used by nuclear medicine workers. The wearing of dosimeters was obligatory within the framework of a nationwide service for personal dosimetry. The total administered activity of all radionuclides during these six years at our department was 17,779 GBq (99mTc 14 708 GBq, 131I 2490 GBq, others 581 GBq). The administered activity of 99mTc was similar, but the administered activity of 131I in 2006 increased by 200%, as compared with the year 2001. Results: The mean and one standard deviation (SD) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for nuclear medicine physicians was 1.9 ± 0.6, 1.8 ± 0.8, 1.2 ± 0.8, 1.4 ± 0.8, 1.3 ± 0.6, 0.8 ± 0.4 and for nuclear medicine technologists was 1.9 ± 0.8, 1.7 ± 1.4, 1.0 ± 1.0, 1.1 ± 1.2, 0.9 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.2 in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The mean (n = 2, estimate of SD makes little sense) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for radiopharmacists was 3.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1.3, 0.6 and 0.3. Although the administered activity of 131I increased, the mean personal effective dose per year decreased during the six years. Conclusion: In all three professional groups of nuclear medicine workers a decreasing radiation exposure was found, although the administered activity of 131I increased during this six-year period. Our observations suggest successful radiation protection measures at our department.

scholarly journals New pharmacological means of radiation protection (literature review)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Uzlenkova
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Acute Radiation ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Methodological Approaches

The review systematized the current data on new classes of pharmacological compounds and biologically active substances in the field of radiation protection in Ukraine, as well as abroad. Methodological approaches and the importance of using appropriate animal models in the development of new pharmacological drugs for radiation protection are described, specifically in the cases when it is impossible to conduct full clinical trials on patients. Current views on the division of pharmacological agents into radioprotectors, radiomitigators, and therapeutic radiation protection agents are examined. The changes in the hematopoietic tissue, gastrointestinal tract and neurovascular system that occur after acute radiation exposure are also described. Particular attention is paid to pharmacological agents that can protect against acute exposure to ionizing radiation by limiting the risk of radiation mortality from the hematological and gastrointestinal forms of radiation syndrome. Results of the effectiveness of tolerant antioxidants with a wide spectrum of biological activity as promising agents for the prevention of acute and delayed radiation-induced pathology, in particular, in lung tissue, are presented. Possible molecular mechanisms of the radioprotective effect of pharmacological compounds on experimental models of total and local radiation exposure are discussed. The effectiveness of the therapeutic use of growth factors and recombinant cytokines in acute bone marrow suppression аfter accidental radiation exposure is shown. The possibilities of cell therapy with myeloid progenitor cells mobilized by tocopherol succinate hematopoietic/progenitor cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in acute radiation injuries are shown. Special attention is paid to the importance of improving such methodological approaches and regulatory requirements when introducing into practice new radiation protection facilities in Ukraine. Key words: radiation protection, ionizing radiation, pharmacological agents, acute radiation syndrome. For citation: Uzlenkova NE. New pharmacological means of radiation protection (literature review). Journal of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. 2019;25(3) :268–77

scholarly journals Patient Knowledge Regarding Radiation Exposure from Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Imaging

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0015
Author(s):  
Daniel Bohl ◽  
Blaine Manning ◽  
George Holmes ◽  
Simon Lee ◽  
Johnny Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Plain Film ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
X Ray

Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Foot and ankle surgeons routinely prescribe diagnostic imaging that exposes patients to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study is to characterize patients’ knowledge regarding radiation exposure associated with common forms of foot and ankle imaging. Methods: A survey was administered to all new patients prior to their first foot and ankle clinic appointments. Patients were asked to compare the amount of harmful radiation associated with chest x-rays to that associated with various types of foot and ankle imaging. Results were tabulated and compared to actual values of radiation exposure from the published literature. Results: A total of 890 patients were invited to participate, of whom 791 (88.9%) completed the survey. The majority of patients believed that a foot x-ray, an ankle x-ray, a “low dose” CT scan of the foot and ankle (alluding to cone-beam CT), and a traditional CT scan of the foot and ankle all contain similar amounts of harmful ionizing radiation to a chest x-ray (Table 1). This is in contrast to the published literature, which suggests that foot x-rays, ankle x-rays, cone beam CT scans of the foot and ankle, and traditional CT scans of the foot and ankle expose patients to 0.006, 0.006, 0.127, and 0.833 chest x-rays worth of radiation. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that patients greatly over-estimate the amount of harmful ionizing radiation associated with plain film and cone-beam CT scans of the foot and ankle. Interestingly, their estimates of radiation associated with traditional CT scans of the foot and ankle were relatively accurate. Results suggest that patients may benefit from increased counseling by surgeons regarding the relatively low risk of radiation exposure associated with plain film and cone-beam CT imaging of the foot and ankle.

Protection and Monitoring of Ionizing Radiation - Nuclear Medicine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Akbar ◽  
M. Shahid Khalil ◽  
Shahzad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Military Hospitals ◽  
Ionization Radiation ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Ionizing Radiations

The advancement in technology has resulted into development of Telethrapy and X-ray machine which has high potential hazards of ionizing radiation to user and patient exposed. Ionizing radiations are referred as gamma rays photons. X-rays can cause conjunctivitis and sterility. Ionization radiation is hazard both in radiotherapy and nuclear medicine department. The energy of this radiation is around 10eV, higher the energy of radiation greater is hazard because of penetration into tissues the basic protection rule is either move way from source of radiation or put absorber in between. These equipments are tools of diagnostics, therefore international commission on radiological protection (ICRP) ha recommended that exposure to radiation be kept minimum. Designing of teletherapy facilities play important role in protection and monitoring of radiations. The author has analyzed the protective measures and monitoring of radiations in various hospitals in public and private sector in Rawalpindi / Islamabad Pakistan. It has been observed that only in military hospitals strict protective and monitoring measurers are taken against radiations but in other public and private sector hospitals such measure are compromised due to lack of proper awareness. Pakistan nuclear regulatory authority (PNRA) is taking measures for ensuring protective and monitoring measurer against radiations and arousing awareness to all concerns.

scholarly journals Sparsely Ionizing Diagnostic and Natural Background Radiations are Likely Preventing Cancer and other Genomic-Instability-Associated Diseases

Dose-Response ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. dose-response.0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bobby R. Scott ◽  
Jennifer Di Palma
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Environmental Radiation ◽  
Background Radiations ◽  
Radiation Hormesis ◽  
Apoptosis Process

Routine diagnostic X-rays (e.g., chest X-rays, mammograms, computed tomography scans) and routine diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures using sparsely ionizing radiation forms (e.g., beta and gamma radiations) stimulate the removal of precancerous neoplastically transformed and other genomically unstable cells from the body (medical radiation hormesis). The indicated radiation hormesis arises because radiation doses above an individual-specific stochastic threshold activate a system of cooperative protective processes that include high-fidelity DNA repair/apoptosis (presumed p53 related), an auxiliary apoptosis process (PAM process) that is presumed p53-independent, and stimulated immunity. These forms of induced protection are called adapted protection because they are associated with the radiation adaptive response. Diagnostic X-ray sources, other sources of sparsely ionizing radiation used in nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures, as well as radioisotope-labeled immunoglobulins could be used in conjunction with apoptosis-sensitizing agents (e.g., the natural phenolic compound resveratrol) in curing existing cancer via low-dose fractionated or low-dose, low-dose-rate therapy (therapeutic radiation hormesis). Evidence is provided to support the existence of both therapeutic (curing existing cancer) and medical (cancer prevention) radiation hormesis. Evidence is also provided demonstrating that exposure to environmental sparsely ionizing radiations, such as gamma rays, protect from cancer occurrence and the occurrence of other diseases via inducing adapted protection (environmental radiation hormesis).

Evaluation of the genotoxic effects of chronic low-dose ionizing radiation exposure on nuclear medicine workers

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Sahin ◽  
Abdulgani Tatar ◽  
Sıtkı Oztas ◽  
Bedri Seven ◽  
Erhan Varoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Ionizing Radiation Exposure

Patient Knowledge Regarding Radiation Exposure From Foot and Ankle Imaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine T. Manning ◽  
Daniel D. Bohl ◽  
Alexander J. P. Idarraga ◽  
George B. Holmes ◽  
Simon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Results

Foot and ankle surgeons routinely prescribe diagnostic imaging that exposes patients to potentially harmful ionizing radiation. It is unclear how well patients understand the radiation to which they are exposed. In this study, 946 consecutive new patients were surveyed regarding medical imaging and radiation exposure prior to their first appointment. Respondents compared the amount of radiation associated with chest X-rays (CXRs) with various types of foot and ankle imaging. Results were compared with actual values of radiation exposure from the published literature. Of 946 patients surveyed, 841 (88.9%) participated. Most had private insurance (82.8%) and a bachelor’s degree or higher (60.6%). Most believed that foot X-ray, ankle X-ray, “low dose” foot and ankle computed tomography (CT) scan (alluding to cone-beam CT), and traditional foot and ankle CT scan contain similar amounts of ionizing radiation to CXR. This contradicts the published literature that suggests that the actual exposure to patients is 0.006, 0.006, 0.127, and 0.833 CXR equivalents of radiation, respectively. Of patients who had undergone an X-ray, 55.9% thought about the issue of radiation prior to the study, whereas 46.1% of those undergoing a CT scan considered radiation prior to the exam. Similarly, 35.2% and 27.6% reported their doctor having discussed radiation with them prior to obtaining an X-ray and CT scan, respectively. Patients greatly overestimate the radiation exposure associated with plain film X-rays and cone-beam CT scans of the foot and ankle, and may benefit from increased counseling regarding the relatively low radiation exposure associated with these imaging modalities. Level of Evidence: Level III: Prospective questionnaire

Pentingnya Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Bagi Pekerja Radiasi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Prahardi ◽  
◽  
Arundito Widikusumo
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Human Error ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
Stochastic Effects ◽  
And Training

Ionizing radiation, when it hits our bodies, can ionize and excite the atomic nuclei of cells. Ionization and excitation will cause DNA damage either directly or indirectly. DNA damage is direct if ionizing radiation hits DNA, while DNA damage is indirectly through the formation of free radicals (atoms with unpaired electrons) and has a very damaging effect on DNA. Therefore, safety in ionizing radiation, including its use in the medical world, is essential. Protection includes safety avoiding deterministic effects and stochastic effects. To protect against both deterministic and stochastic effects, the role of the radiographer is significant. Heinrich (1980) estimates that (85%) accidents are the result of the contribution of unsafe work behavior (unsafe act). Radiation accidents reported by the United States Energy Atomic Commission from 1960-1968 were caused by operator error (68%), procedural errors (8%), equipment damage (15%), and others (9%). When viewed in detail, the operator's errors were not conducting a radiation survey (46%), not following procedures (36%), not using protective equipment (6%), human error (6%), and calculating radiation exposure errors (6%). Therefore, the radiographer must know and understand ionizing radiation, its dangers, and the application of radiation protection from the results of a survey conducted at Prof. Hospital. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto to 22 radiographers showed that the level of understanding of ionizing radiation, the dangers, and the application of radiation protection is still low. Therefore education and training are very much needed for them. Keywords: Radiation Hazard, Radiation Protection, Radiographer Education and Training

Radiation Exposure From Diagnostic Imaging in Patients with Lymphoma - The Cost Of The Cure?

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 557-557
Author(s):  
Maeve P Crowley ◽  
Siobhan B O'Neill ◽  
Damien C O'Neill ◽  
Joesph A Eustace ◽  
Brian R Healey Bird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Diagnostic Imaging ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Radiological Procedures

Abstract Introduction The American Cancer Society anticipates the diagnosis of 80,000 new cases of lymphoma in the US in 2013. Cancer Research UK estimates that more than 80% of Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) patients and more than 60% of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) patients will be alive 5 or more years after diagnosis. As survival rates improve, focus shifts to ensuring quality of life in survivors and decreasing potential toxicity. Radiological procedures play a prominent role in diagnosis, staging and assessment of treatment response. Exposure to ionizing radiation has been linked to an increased risk of malignancy (Pearce et al 2012, Miglioretti et al 2013, Mathews et al 2013). Cumulative exposure in excess of 75mSv has been estimated to increase cancer mortality by 7.3% (Cardis et al 2007). There is a paucity of data in the literature regarding cumulative radiation exposure in patients with lymphoma. In cancer treatment, the aim is individualized management strategies. This should also be the goal for diagnostic procedures (O' Neill et al 2011, Fletcher et al 2012). Methods A retrospective review of all patients on a prospectively maintained database with biopsy proven HL or NHL between January 2009 and July 2012 was conducted in a University hospital group. The cumulative effective radiation dose (CED) was calculated using standardized procedure-specific radiation dose levels. Results Four hundred and eighty six patients were included in the study. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 59 (17) years and 15% were aged < 40. Fifty-nine percent were men. Sixteen percent had HL; 84% had NHL. There were a total of 1127 patient-years of follow-up, with 15% having <1 year and 10% having 5 or more years of follow-up. Ninety-nine per cent of patients had diagnostic imaging. A total of 5748 radiological procedures were performed, equivalent to one procedure every 70 patient days of follow-up. The median estimated total CED ( IQR) per subject was 69mSv (42-118). Forty- six percent had a total CED >75mSv and 14% had a total CED >150mSv – SeeFigure 1. CT contributed 89% of the radiation dose and PET-CT contributed 8%. Patients aged <40 had a median CED (IQR) of 89mSv (55-124). Seventy-five per cent of these patients had a potentially curable malignancy (66% had HL; 5% had Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma; 4% had Burkitt Lymphoma). Patients who underwent stem cell transplantation had a median CED (IQR) of 162mSv (135-225) with 59% having radiotherapy as part of their management. Univariate analysis showed that age (p<0.001), duration of lymphoma (p<0.001) and stage (<0.001) were associated with CED. Discussion This study highlights the considerable ionizing radiation exposure from diagnostic imaging in patients with lymphoma. This is especially relevant in young people who would be considered the most radiosensitive and at highest risk for secondary malignancies. Low grade lymphomas are relapsing and remitting in nature and frequently require re-staging imaging over many years. Longer follow-up will be required here to potentially explain the non-significant trend between histological subtype and different CED. The American College of Radiology stated in 2013 that when used appropriately, the benefits of ionizing radiation far outweigh the risks. However, to minimize risk, institutions should participate in national dose registries. With the widespread use of Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), this will be feasible. Low dose CT imaging has emerged as a mechanism for minimizing CED. Dose reduction strategies incorporating patient-specific information would optimize imaging while minimizing the harmful effects (Shah et al 2012). Novel CT reconstruction algorithms allow diagnostic quality imaging to be obtained at reduced radiation doses without the prohibitive noise that would otherwise be present (Prakash et al 2010). Procedures which do not involve ionizing radiation such as MRI and ultrasound are becoming increasingly popular. There is growing interest in PET-MRI for staging of malignancies (Appenzeller 2013) but as yet, PET-CT remains superior. For patients with potentially curable lymphoma, particularly young patients with higher CED, consideration should be given to these strategies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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