scholarly journals Hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia in women with primary and secondary infertility

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Shamima Bari ◽  
Rokeya Begum ◽  
Qazi Shamima Akter
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Secondary Infertility ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Altered Thyroid ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
Fertile Women

Background and objectives: Infertility is a global health problem including Bangladesh. Altered thyroid and prolactin levels have been implicated as a cause of infertility. The study was undertaken to find out the serum thyroid hormones and prolactin status in women with primary and secondary infertility. Methods: Women with primary and secondary infertility were enrolled. Fertile age-matched women were included as control. The anthropometric details (age, height and weight) were recorded. Overnight fasting blood sample was collected on 2nd day of menstrual cycle of the follicular phase. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum prolactin (PRL) was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Results: A total of 150 women were enrolled in the study. Out of 150 women, 50 had primary and 50 had secondary infertility while 50 women were age-matched fertile women as control. The mean TSH levels of both infertility groups were significantly higher than that of fertile women. Regarding thyroid function, 24% and 28% of women with primary and secondary infertility had hypothyroidism respectively. The serum prolactin level was high in 42.9% and 50% of hypothyroid cases in primary and secondary infertility groups respectively. Conclusion: The study has demonstrated high occurrence of hypothyroidism with raised serum prolactin levels among infertile females emphasizing the importance of estimating both serum TSH and prolactin in infertility. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2020; 14(1): 41-46

Homeopathic Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism—A Series of 19 Cases

Homeopathy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Carlos Esteves Grelle ◽  
Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Subclinical Hypothyroidism ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Common Clinical Problem ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
Tsh Levels

Abstract Background Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common clinical problem. Controversy surrounds the definition, clinical importance, and need for prompt diagnosis and treatment of the mild form of SCH. Aim The aim of the study was to analyze the evolution of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels after a therapeutic homeopathic intervention in women older than 40 years with SCH. Methods This study is a retrospective series of 19 cases of SCH, with serum TSH levels between 5 and 10 mIU/L, treated exclusively with homeopathic medicines prescribed on an individualized basis. Results Nineteen patients were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Their mean age was 56 years, they were followed for a mean duration of 69 months, the mean number of serum TSH level measurements was 18, and the intervention was successful for 13 patients. Conclusion The homeopathic therapeutic intervention was successful in 68% of the patients, with serum TSH levels back within the normal range (0.5–5.0 mIU/L).

scholarly journals Effect of hypothyroidism on hormone profiles in virgin, pregnant and lactating rats, and on lactation

Reproduction ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
MB Hapon ◽  
M Simoncini ◽  
G Via ◽  
GA Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Milk Ejection Reflex ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunctions ◽  
Serum Tsh

Thyroid dysfunctions can produce reproductive problems. Untreated maternal hypothyroidism has serious consequences on development of offspring, resulting in stunted growth and mental retardation. The effects of propylthiouracyl-induced hypothyroidism (0.1 g l(-1) in drinking water starting 8 days before mating, or given to virgin rats for 30 or 50 days) on the serum profiles of hormones related to reproduction and mammary function (prolactin, growth hormone (GH), progesterone, corticosterone, oestradiol, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine), and on mammary function in virgin, pregnant and lactating rats, were investigated. Propylthiouracyl treatment severely decreased circulating triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine concentrations, and increased serum TSH concentrations. Virgin rats showed prolonged periods of vaginal dioestrus, increased circulating progesterone concentrations and afternoon peaks of prolactin concentration, which are indicative of prolactin-induced pseudopregnancy. Propylthiouracyl-treated virgin rats had mammary development comparable to that of midpregnancy, and half of these rats had increased mammary casein and lactose concentrations. Serum prolactin concentrations were decreased on the afternoon of day 5 of pregnancy, increased during late pregnancy (days 15-21) and were normal during lactation. Circulating GH concentrations decreased on days 15-21 of pregnancy, whereas progesterone concentrations increased during late pregnancy and early lactation. Circulating oestradiol (measured in late pregnancy and in virgin rats), IGF-I and corticosterone concentrations were decreased. Although assessment of mammary histology showed no differences in extent of development, casein content was increased in propylthiouracyl-treated rats on day 21 of pregnancy; litter growth was severely reduced and at day 20 of age the pups were hypothyroid, with decreased GH serum concentrations. An acute suckling experiment was performed on days 10-12 of lactation to determine whether some impairment in mammary function or the suckling reflex might account for these differences. After an 8 h separation of mothers from their litters and 30 min of suckling, circulating prolactin values were not affected by propylthiouracyl treatment, but serum oxytocin concentration and milk excretion were reduced. In conclusion, hypothyroidism induces various alterations in the hormone profiles of virgin and pregnant rats, and induces pseudopregnancies and mammary development in virgin rats. These alterations do not appear to have an overt impact on the outcome of pregnancy and on mammary function during lactation, with the exception of the milk ejection reflex, which may account at least partially for the reduced litter growth.

scholarly journals Randomised trial of block and replace vs dose titration thionamide in young people with thyrotoxicosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (6) ◽  
pp. 637-645
Author(s):  
Claire L Wood ◽  
Michael Cole ◽  
Malcolm Donaldson ◽  
David B Dunger ◽  
Ruth Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Dose Titration ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Levothyroxine Replacement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Serum Tsh

Objective First-line treatment of thyrotoxicosis in young people is thionamide anti-thyroid drug (ATD) in a blocking dose with levothyroxine replacement (block and replace, BR) or in a smaller dose tailored to render the patient euthyroid (dose titration, DT). Our objective was to determine which regimen provides more stable biochemical control. Design A multi-centre phase III, open-label randomised trial comparing BR with DT in patients aged 2–17 years with newly diagnosed thyrotoxicosis at 15 UK centres. Methods Patients were randomised shortly after diagnosis and treated for 3 years. The primary outcome was the percentage of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the reference range between 6 months and 3 years. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of Free thyroxine (FT4) levels in the reference range, adverse event frequency and 4 years outcome (remission/relapse). Results Eighty-two patients were randomised, with details on clinical course in 81 (62 Female); 40 were allocated to BR (41 DT). Three withdrew with one ineligible. The mean percentage of serum TSH within reference range was 60.2% in BR and 63.8% in DT patients; adjusted difference 4.3%, 95% CI (−7.8 to 16.4); P = 0.48. Proportions for FT4 were 79.2% in BR and 85.7% in DT patients; adjusted difference 6.8%, (−0.2 to 15.6); P = 0.13. Three patients developed neutropenia – all on BR. 6 BR and 10 DT patients were in remission at 4y. Conclusion This randomised trial has shown no evidence to suggest that BR, when managing the young patient with thyrotoxicosis, is associated with improved biochemical stability when compared to DT.

Iodized Salt Consumption Maintains Euthyroidism in Iodine-Deficient Hypothyroid Subjects

2003 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirmiran ◽  
Hajipour ◽  
Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Iodized Oil ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Serum T4 ◽  
Iodized Salt Consumption ◽  
Oil Injection ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Tsh

Following previous reports of impaired physical and intellectual growth, hearing deficit, hypothyroidism, and hyperendemic goiter in Kiga, and the administration of iodized oil injection, this study was conducted to evaluate whether or not the effect of the injection could be sustained by iodized salt supplementation. In 1989, one mL of iodized oil solution containing 480 mg of iodine was injected in 198 schoolchildren aged 8 to 14 years. Four years later, in 1993, iodized salt consumption was begun and has since been continued. Serum thyroid hormones, RT3 uptake and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured before, and three, four, and six years after intervention (1989, 1992, 1993, and 1995). Assessment of urinary iodine was performed by the Foss method at the same intervals mentioned above. Prior to the injection, 94% had grade 2 goiters; four years after injection, 26% and 41% had grades 2 and 1 respectively, and 30% had no goiter (p < 0.001). Two years after the introduction of iodized salt consumption, 5 and 39% had grades 2 and 1 goiter, and 56% were not goiterous. Urinary iodine was 11.4 ± 19.8 mug/L before intervention, and was increased to 93 ± 66 and 92 ± 34 mug/L, three and four years, respectively, after intervention. Two years after iodized salt consumption it was 161 ± 34 mug/L. Mean serum T4 was 5.0 ± 2.0, 9.6 ± 2.0, 9.6 ± 2.0 and 9.2 ± 1.5 mug/dL; serum TSH was 20.3 ± 22.8, 2.1 ± 1.9, 2.5 ± 1.6 and 2.9 ± 1.7 mU/L; before and three, four, and six years after the beginning of the study. All children were euthyroid after three, four, and six years of study. Findings show the benefits of iodized oil administration in decreasing goiter size and in reversing abnormal thyroid function. These effects are sustained by iodized salt consumption in schoolchildren who had been previously hypothyroid due to iodine deficiency.

The Relationship between Serum Cholesterol and Serum Thyroid Hormones in Male Patients with Suspected Hypothyroidism

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Johnston ◽  
A McLelland ◽  
D StJ O'Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Serum Thyroxine ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thyroxine Replacement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Tsh

The relationship between serum cholesterol, thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine was investigated in 456 male patients with suspected hypothyroidism. The correlation between serum cholesterol and serum thyroxine ( r = 0·0572) and between serum cholesterol and serum triiodothyronine ( r = 0·1136) were not significant but the correlation between serum cholesterol and TSH ( r = 0·0376) was significant ( P< 0·001). The mean serum cholesterol was only significantly increased in the patient groups with a serum TSH greater than 20 mU/L. In 26 patients treated for hypothyroidism with thyroxine replacement there was a significant correlation between the decrease in serum cholesterol and the decrease in serum TSH ( r = 0·5334, P<0·01) but there was poor correlation between the decrease in cholesterol and either the increase in serum triiodothyronine or the increase in serum thyroxine.

scholarly journals Assessment of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients Irradiated for Head and Neck Malignancies

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (45) ◽  
pp. 2626-2630
Author(s):  
Uma Maheswara Reddy U ◽  
Sameer Hussain K.M.
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
External Beam Radiotherapy ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
External Beam ◽  
Radio Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
Tsh Levels

BACKGROUND This study aims to assess the changes in serum TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) in subjects with head & neck carcinoma treated with External Beam Radio-Therapy (EBRT) and study the usefulness of the serum TSH test to identify patients who develop early hypothyroidism in these subjects. METHODS This study involved assessing serum TSH in 50 patients diagnosed with biopsyproven squamous cell carcinoma in the head & neck region treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The study was designed as a prospective non interventional observational study. All patients underwent serum TSH test before the start of the radiation, at 2 months after the radiation and at 6 months after the radiation. All documented serum TSH levels were taken up for analysis. RESULTS Patient population was characterized by the distribution of patients in subsite of oral cavity in 18 (36 %) patients, hypopharynx in 11 (22 %) patients, larynx in 11 (22 %) patients, oropharynx in 9 (18 %) patients, and nasopharynx in 1 (2 %) patient. 12 (24 %) subjects were in Stage II, Stage III in 34 (68 %) subjects, and Stage IV in 4 (8 %) subjects. Mean TSH before radiotherapy was 1.93 ± 0.72 IU / mL. The mean TSH after 2 months of radiotherapy was 2.25 ± 0.97 IU / mL. The mean value after 6 months was 2.5 ± 1.3 IU / mL. The difference between the mean TSH values of 2 months and 6 months compared to baseline TSH is statistically significant (p < 0.0001 between 2 months and baseline and p < 0.0001 between 6 months and baseline). There was a 17 % increase in the TSH levels after 2 months of radiotherapy and a 30 % increase after 6 months of radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS There is an increase in the serum TSH values both after 2 months and after 6 months of radiation and also may help in identifying patients with impending hypothyroidism at the early stage. KEYWORDS Radiotherapy, TSH, Thyroid, Hypothyroidism, Head and Neck Cancer

Serum prolactin and thyrotrophin responses to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone at different times of the day in normal women

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Pérez-López ◽  
G. Gómez ◽  
M. D. Abós
Keyword(s):  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Hormonal Release ◽  
Test Serum ◽  
Serum Tsh

Abstract. In order to determine whether or not the pituitary responsiveness to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) changes during the nyctohemeral cycle, 10 healthy regularly cycling women were given 200 μg of TRH at 02.00 h, 10.00 h and 18.00 h with at least a 32 h interval between each test. Serum prolactin (Prl) and thyrotrophin (TSH) in 7 of the 10 women were measured serially before and after TRH administration. The mean basal Prl levels were significantly higher (P < 0.01) at 02.00 h than at 10.00 h and 18.00 h. The mean basal TSH levels were higher, although not significantly, at 02.00 h than at 10.00 h and 18.00 h. Although a higher TSH release occurred at 02.00 h than at 10.00 h and 18.00 h, the mean serum TSH and Prl peak responses to TRH were statistically similar in the three groups of tests. The integrated changes scores, calculated as the difference between the average post-TRH hormonal release and the average baseline levels, although higher in the 18.00 h test for Prl and the 02.00 h test for TSH, were not statistically different among the three tests.

SERUM THYROTROPHIN AND THE RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN SYMPTOMLESS AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS AND IN BORDERLINE AND OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gordin ◽  
P. Saarinen ◽  
R. Pelkonen ◽  
B.-A. Lamberg
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Serum Tsh

ABSTRACT Serum thyrotrophin (TSH) was determined by the double-antibody radioimmunoassay in 58 patients with primary hypothyroidism and was found to be elevated in all but 2 patients, one of whom had overt and one clinically borderline hypothyroidism. Six (29%) out of 21 subjects with symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) had an elevated serum TSH level. There was little correlation between the severity of the disease and the serum TSH values in individual cases. However, the mean serum TSH value in overt hypothyroidism (93.4 μU/ml) was significantly higher than the mean value both in clinically borderline hypothyroidism (34.4 μU/ml) and in SAT (8.8 μU/ml). The response to the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was increased in all 39 patients with overt or borderline hypothyroidism and in 9 (43 %) of the 21 subjects with SAT. The individual TRH response in these two groups showed a marked overlap, but the mean response was significantly higher in overt (149.5 μU/ml) or clinically borderline hypothyroidism (99.9 μU/ml) than in SAT (35.3 μU/ml). Thus a normal basal TSH level in connection with a normal response to TRH excludes primary hypothyroidism, but nevertheless not all patients with elevated TSH values or increased responses to TRH are clinically hypothyroid.

Pituitary responses to a dopamine antagonist at different times of the day in normal women

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Pérez-López ◽  
C. M. González-Moreno ◽  
M. D. Abós ◽  
J. A. Andonegui ◽  
R. H. Corvo
Keyword(s):  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Dopamine Antagonist ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
The Times ◽  
Serum Tsh

Abstract. In order to determine whether or not pituitary responsiveness to the dopaminergic antagonist clebopride changes during the nyctohemeral cycle, 10 healthy women with regular cycles were given 1 mg of clebopride orally at 09.00 h and 24.00 h with at least a 5 day interval between each test. In addition, 5 of the women were given a placebo instead of clebopride at midnight to evaluate the spontaneous hormonal changes. During the 24.00 h test the women had significantly higher P < 0.05) mean TSH basal levels. Serum prolactin (Prl) increased significantly (P < 0.001) after clebopride administration while these changes did not occur when placebo was used instead of clebopride at midnight. The Prl response to clebopride was qualitatively similar at 09.00 h and at 24.00 h. Clebopride given at midnight induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum TSH while this change did not occur when the drug was given at 09.00 h or when placebo was given at midnight. The administration of clebopride resulted in no discernible alterations in serum LH, FSH or GH in either the 09.00 h or the 24.00 h tests. Thus, Prl responses to clebopride were similar in the morning and at midnight, TSH significantly increased after clebopride at midnight whereas this did not occur when the drug was given in the morning, and no significant changes were induced in LH, FSH or GH at the times studied.

Recovery of thyroid function with a decreased titre of antimicrosomal antibody in a hypothyroid man with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makiko Yamamoto ◽  
Kazuro Kaise ◽  
Hirofumi Kitaoka ◽  
Katsumi Yoshida ◽  
Nobuko Kaise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hashimoto’S Thyroiditis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Surgical Biopsy ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Serum Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Antimicrosomal Antibody ◽  
Serum Tsh

Abstract. A 36 year old man with a diffuse goitre, signs of mild hypothyroidism, strikingly low levels of T4 (0.9 μg/dl) and T3 (24 ng/dl), elevated TSH (140 μU/ml) and elevated microsomal haemagglutination antibody (MCHA, 1:409 600), subsequently became non-goitrous and euthyroid with a decreased titre of antimicrosomal antibody without any medication. At the time of surgical biopsy, serum levels of T4 and T3 had risen to the normal range (4.6 μg/dl and 73 ng/dl, respectively), serum TSH had decreased to 30 μU/ml and the titre of MCHA to 1:25 600. Thyroid specimens showed Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The activity of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) was normal. The latest examination, 1 year and 3 months after initial evaluation, showed that the patient remained euthyroid with no goitre, that serum thyroid hormones were within the normal range (T4 7.7 μg/dl and T3 97 ng/dl), and that TSH was not detectable. The titre of MCHA decreased strikingly to 1:400.

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