scholarly journals Changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under submergence stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
Md Juiceball Hassan ◽  
Md Masudul Karim ◽  
Md Amirul Islam ◽  
Md Habibur Rahman Pramanik ◽  
Md Alamgir Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Stress Condition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Root Porosity ◽  
Submergence Stress ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Submergence stress at early vegetative stage is one of the most important constraints in the productivity of rice in Bangladesh. Submergence causes yield loss of rice at Aman season in Bangladesh and therefore, it is necessary to develop submergence tolerant rice cultivars. A pot experiment was conducted at the net house of Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, during Aman season from July to December, 2017 to evaluate the changes in root porosity and water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) associated with submergence tolerance in rice. The experiment consisted of two factors—(i) Rice cultivars (Binadhan-11, Binadhan-12, BRRI dhan51 and BRRI dhan52 as tolerant and BRRI dhan49 as susceptible) and(ii) Submergence stress: Submergence for 14 days at vegetative stage and control. Submergence stress was imposed by dipping of pots into a water tank with about 90 cm depth of water while the control plants are maintained in the pot house of the field laboratory. The plants were sampled at seven days interval during submergence to determine the changes in root porosity and to examine the contribution of shoot reserves for their survival. The root porosity was measured by pycnometer method and water soluble carbohydrate was measured by the anthrone method. Tolerant cultivars showed greater root porosity development in both control and stress condition but the susceptible cultivar showed significantly lower root development in stress condition. Higher root porosity might help tolerant cultivars to survive in submergence stress more efficiently. Tolerant rice cultivars had high initial soluble carbohydrate than the susceptible one. Under submergedcondition, the tolerant cultivars showed slow depletion of water soluble carbohydrate compared to susceptible cultivar. Higher carbohydrate contents in tolerant cultivars might act as buffer stock during submergence for their better survival and growth. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 539–544, 2019

Plant-soluble carbohydrate reserves and senescence - key criteria for developing an effective grazing management system for ryegrass-based pastures: a review

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
D. J. Donaghy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

This review examines the use of changes in soluble carbohydrate reserves, and the onset of senescence in ryegrass (Lolium spp.), as key criteria for successfully managing an intermittent grazing system for dairy cattle. Ryegrass is a ‘3-leaf ’ plant; that is, only about 3 green leaves/tiller exist at any one time with the initiation of a new leaf coinciding with senescence of the oldest fourth leaf. Thus, grazing pasture older than 3 leaves/tiller will not only lead to wastage of pasture but also the senescent material will reduce overall quality of herbage. Based on this, the time taken for 3 new leaves/tiller to regrow sets the maximum grazing interval. On the other hand, in a well-utilised dairy pasture, most ryegrass leaf has been removed and the plant relies on stored water-soluble carbohydrate reserves to grow new shoots and hence regain photosynthetic capacity. If the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates is inadequate, because there has been insufficient time to replenish in the previous inter-grazing period, regrowth will be suppressed and this may also affect persistence in the longer term. Immediately after grazing, water-soluble carbohydrate reserves decline as they are used to regrow new shoots, and root growth stops. It is not until about 3/4 of a new leaf/tiller has regrown that the plant has adequate photosynthetic capacity for growth and maintenance and only then does water-soluble carbohydrate replenishment and root growth commence. Studies have shown that subsequent regrowth is suppressed if plants are redefoliated before the 2 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. Also, the levels of potassium and nitrogen (as nitrates and other non-protein nitrogen products) may be very high and cause metabolic problems in stock grazing such pasture. Thus, replenishment of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves sets the minimum grazing interval at 2 leaves/tiller. The rate of accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates in the plant is a function of input through photosynthesis (source) and output to growth and respiration (sinks). Thus, apart from grazing interval (which sets the time to replenish water-soluble carbohydrate plant reserves), water-soluble carbohydrate storage will be influenced by incoming solar radiation (cloud cover, day length, pasture canopy density) and energy needs of the plant through respiration (temperature, canopy mass) and growth. Relating grazing interval to leaf number places the emphasis on the readiness of plants to be grazed rather than on the animals’ requirements, with leaf appearance interval depending primarily on ambient temperature. This allows grazing interval to be expressed in a similar morphological stage of growth, irrespective of season or location. Setting grazing interval on these 2 criteria has been shown to maximise growth and persistence of ryegrass and optimise the levels of most nutrients in pasture required by dairy cattle including protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, calcium, potassium and magnesium. Metabolisable energy and fibre do not change appreciably up to the 3 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. On the other hand, grazing pasture before 2 leaves/tiller not only retards regrowth and reduces persistence, it provides forage too high in potassium and protein (nitrates) and too low in water-soluble carbohydrates for dairy cattle.

scholarly journals An Overview on the Factors Affecting Water-soluble Carbohydrates Concentration during Ensiling of Silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fraz Ali ◽  
Muhammad Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) concentration during the ensiling process is influenced by both controllable and uncontrollable factors such as temperature, moisture level, fertilizers, additives nutrients, and time of ensiling of silage. The WSC contents may vary among the different fodder and forage species. The ensiling temperature has a limiting impact on water-soluble carbohydrates and their concentration decrease with increasing temperature. Crops should be harvested at optimum moisture and dry matter level to reach the required concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates to produce organic acids. Water-soluble carbohydrate concentration decreased with the crop's maturity due to the accumulation of carbohydrates in the grains. The evening cut has more concentration of WSC than that of the morning cut due to the photosynthesis process. The contents of WSC can be increased by using different kinds of additives during the ensiling process. Ensiling time has not much influence on the water-soluble carbohydrates. To understand these factors, we have a detailed review of the factors affecting the WSC of silage.

Changes in water soluble carbohydrate content during the day in Lucerne and Fescue cut in autumn

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 176-176
Author(s):  
J. L. Repetto ◽  
N. Errandonea ◽  
A. Britos ◽  
D. Cozzolino* ◽  
C. Cajarville
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Microbial Synthesis ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Different Parts

The content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in plants is variable, and depends on plant species and environment conditions. This content may be the limitation for the fermentation during silage making and also for microbial synthesis in rumen. The objective of this study was to measure the variations of the WSC in temperate forages, during autumn, in different moments of the day and in different parts of the plant.

Genotypic variation in water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation in wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari A. Ruuska ◽  
Greg J. Rebetzke ◽  
Anthony F. van Herwaarden ◽  
Richard A. Richards ◽  
Neil A. Fettell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Sequential Mechanism ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) that accumulates in the stems of wheat during growth can be an important contributor to grain filling, particularly under conditions when assimilation is limited, such as during end-of-season drought. WSC concentration was measured at anthesis across a diverse set of wheat genotypes over multiple environments. Environmental differences in WSC concentration were large (means for the set ranging between 108 and 203 mg g–1 dry weight), and there were significant and repeatable differences in WSC accumulation among genotypes (means ranging from 112 to 213 mg g–1 dry weight averaged across environments), associated with large broad-sense heritability (H = 0.90 ± 0.12). These results suggest that breeding for high WSC should be possible in wheat. The composition of the WSC, examined in selected genotypes, indicated that the variation in total WSC was attributed mainly to variation in the fructan component, with the other major soluble carbohydrates, sucrose and hexose, varying less. The degree of polymerisation (DP) of fructo-oligosaccharides was up to ~13 in samples where higher levels of WSC were accumulated, owing either to genotype or environment, but the higher DP components (DP > 6) were decreased in samples of lower total WSC. The results are consistent with fructan biosynthesis occurring via a sequential mechanism that is dependent on the availability of sucrose, and differences in WSC contents of genotypes are unlikely to be due to major mechanistic differences.

WATER-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN ORCHARDGRASS AND MIXED FORAGES

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Bowden ◽  
D. K. Taylor ◽  
W. E. P. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
The Third ◽  
Harvest Frequency ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Variations in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of orchardgrass among breeding lines, stages of harvest, frequency of harvest and time of day were studied. Water-soluble carbohydrate levels differed among breeding lines harvested at the same stage of development. Water-soluble carbohydrate content increased as orchardgrass plants matured with the most rapid increase following anthesis. Harvesting orchardgrass at intervals suitable for hay produced forage with a higher WSC content in the first two cuts, but a lower content in the third, than forage harvested at pasture stage. Orchardgrass cut at 4 pm contained an average of 3 percentage units more WSC than that cut at 9 am. Levels of WSC in both orchardgrass and grass-legume pasture mixtures declined with successive cuts as the season progressed.

scholarly journals High sugar ryegrasses for livestock systems in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.R. Edwards ◽  
A.J. Parsons ◽  
S. Rasmussen ◽  
R.H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

There has been mounting interest over the proposed production and environmental benefits from using perennial ryegrass cultivars bred to have higher water soluble carbohydrate content (high sugar grasses). Here, we objectively review published evidence, from the EU and New Zealand, of the effects of these on milk yield per cow, liveweight gain in sheep, N utilisation and wider trophic interactions. The literature reveals substantial variation in animal responses, though some of the uncertainty in interpretation can be resolved by combining the data from multiple trials, and showing this forms a continuum of response to diet quality. It also reveals variation in the degree to which the sugar trait has been expressed, possibly reflecting a gene x environment interaction. Achieving a more consistent, and probably greater than current, expression of the high sugar trait would be a valuable goal. We suggest 'proof of concept' has been shown, notably for the potential for improving N utilisation in the rumen, and so reducing the proportion of N intake lost in urine. The evidence suggests that this may be a greater challenge, albeit a more valuable goal, because of the relatively high N (crude protein) content forages that predominate in the New Zealand pasture industry. Keywords: animal performance, high sugar grass, Lolium perenne, perennial ryegrass, nitrogen utilisation, trait expression, water soluble carbohydrates

The ensiling characteristics of different herbage species and varieties

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYThe ensiling characteristics of grasses and of red clover were examined by means of a small scale vacuum silage technique. Eight grasses, comprising three varieties each of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot and two varieties of timothy, were evaluated after application of two levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Three varieties of red clover were evaluated at two stages of growth with and without sucrose supplementation during ensiling.Perennial ryegrass varieties contained more water soluble carbohydrates than cocksfoot and timothy varieties. At the low level of fertilizer N, silages made from the first cut in mid-May were all well preserved 3 weeks after ensiling. At the high level of fertilizer only perennial ryegrass varieties and S345 cocksfoot were well preserved. After ensiling for 14 weeks perennial ryegrass silages remained well preserved but secondary fermentation in the cocksfoot and timothy varieties resulted in poor preservation. Silages made from the second cut at the end of May were all badly preserved except for silage made from tetraploid ryegrass at the low nitrogen level.Significant correlations were established between the water soluble carbohydrate content of the grasses and the quality of the resulting silage, but herbage dry-matter content and buffering capacity were not significantly correlated with silage quality.The red clover varieties were lower in water soluble carbohydrate and higher in buffering capacity than the grasses. Although the silages from red clover were well preserved they were of high pH. Supplementation with sucrose significantly reduced pH and ammonia content and increased lactic-acid content.

The effects of ploidy and a phenotype conferring a high water-soluble carbohydrate concentration on carbohydrate accumulation, nutritive value and morphology of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. SMITH ◽  
R. J. SIMPSON ◽  
R. A. CULVENOR ◽  
M. O. HUMPHREYS ◽  
M. P. PRUD'HOMME ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Tetraploidy or the use of diploid genotypes with genes conferring high water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations are two mechanisms to increase the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass. This experiment compared the morphology, nutritive value and diurnal variation in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of 56-day-old plants from six perennial ryegrass cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. Three of these cultivars were diploid (Melle, Aurora and Cariad) and three were tetraploids (Meltra, Prospero and AberOnyx) which had been derived from the respective diploid cultivars. Two of the diploid cultivars (Cariad and Aurora) had previously been selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates. The tetraploid cultivars had fewer (mean 59), larger tillers than the diploids (mean 83). However, with the exception of Melle and Meltra the dry matter yield of the diploid cultivars was not significantly different from their tetraploid derivatives. The effect of tetraploidy on WSC concentrations was dependent on the genetic background of the cultivars. Melle, which had not been previously selected for increased WSC, had a significantly lower WSC concentration than its tetraploid derivative, Meltra. However, tetraploidy did not further increase the WSC concentration in those cultivars previously selected for high WSC concentrations. WSC concentrations in the leaf of both Aurora and Melle rose by 65–70 g/kg throughout the photoperiod, suggesting that differences in the total WSC concentration of these cultivars were not due to any increase in the amount of carbon fixed by Aurora but rather due to differences in the allocation of carbon during growth and development. This experiment demonstrated that tetraploidy was not beneficial in improving the WSC concentration of perennial ryegrass when imposed on two diploid cultivars which had the genetic potential for increased WSC accumulation. However, tetraploidy significantly increased the WSC concentration and by implication the nutritive value of a cultivar derived from a perennial ryegrass cultivar with standard WSC concentrations.

Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of lines of Lolium perenne selected for high concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Radojevic ◽  
RJ Simpson ◽  
JA StJohn ◽  
MO Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Differences in the water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations of herbage of northern European perennial ryegrass cultivars (Aurora, Melle, Cariad) grown under southern Australian conditions, and a New Zealand perennial ryegrass cultivar (Ellett) which yields well in southern Australia, were investigated in relation to their nutritive value. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), total nitrogen, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and digestibility of NDF (NDFD) were measured in all cultivars. Aurora and Cariad exhibited higher WSC concentrations than the other cultivars, particularly during summer. This buffered the decline in IVDMD that was due to declining NDFD at that time of the year and resulted in an improvement in IVDMD of between 2 and 6%. Although WSC and nitrogen concentrations of the herbage were negatively correlated, this was due mainly to divergent seasonal variation in these components of the herbage.

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