scholarly journals Study on Efficacy of Nalbuphine Hydrochloride as Pre-Emptive Analgesic – Comparison With Diclofenac Sodium after Open Cholecystectomy

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Md Quamrul Islam ◽  
Hasina Begum ◽  
AKM Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
UH Shahera Khatun
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Open Cholecystectomy ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Preemptive analgesia is an antinociceptive treatment that prevents establishment of altered central processing of afferent input from sites of injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preemptively used nalbuphine and diclofenac on postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Seventy five patients scheduled for open cholecystectomy were investigated by randomized study. Patients were divided into three groups. In group I, patients received Inj. Nalbuphine Hydrochloride (0.3 mg/kg bw IV) before induction. In group II, patients received Inj. Diclofenac Sodium (1 mg/kg bw IV) before induction and in group III patients received placebo before induction. General Anesthesia was given in all groups with Inj. Thiopental sodium 5mg/kg and Inj. Succninylcholine 1.5mg/kg to facilitate endotracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane 0.5% and nitrous oxide 66% in oxygen. Muscle relaxation was maintained by Inj.Vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg. Intraoperative proper hydration was maintained by lactate ringer's solution.In post operative period patients in all three groups received Inj. Pethidine 10mg IV till the patients got relieved from pain. The minimum interval of giving pethidine was 10 minutes. Through our study we have found that, pethidine consumption in 24 hours in group-I (Nalbuphine group) was 54.00±1.0, in group-II (Diclofenac group) was 74.00±1.0 and in group-III (Placebo group) was 112.0±2.0 and p-value <0.001, which is highly significant (measured in mg). Time of first pethidine demand in group-I was 45.83±10.93, in group-II was 34.20±5.44and in group-III was 16.21±3.62 and p-value<0.001 which is also highly significant (measured in minute). Overall patients satisfaction was high in nalbuphine group. Under the condition of present study, we can conclude that preemptively used nalbuphine hydrochloride decreases post operative pain and opioid demand. Journal of BSA, Vol. 20, No. 2, July 2007 p.39-44

scholarly journals Conservative Treatment for Plantar Fasciitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0000
Author(s):  
Carlos Jasmin Alfredo Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Local Infiltration ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Muscle Stretching ◽  
Group I ◽  
Evaluation Group ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Night Splints

Category: Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the results obtained in the treatment of plantar fasciitis, by: group I, muscle stretching (plantar and gastrocnemius); Group II, use of the dorsiflexion night splints; and group III, permanent elevation use of shoe heel, 2 cm or more, in relation to forefoot. Methods: One hundred and fifty patients participated in the prospective and randomized study. After randomizing the method, the patients received treatment orientation. Prescription: 150 mg diclofenac sodium, single daily dose, for 7 days. Group II, they underwent daily physiotherapy with plantar stretching and electrotherapy, associated to the use of the night splints. The evaluations were at 30 and 60 days. In the first evaluation, eight patients underwent local infiltration of betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone disodium phosphate: five from Group I and three from Group II. All patients were evaluated on the AOFAS score of the hindfoot. Results: First evaluation: group I, 52% showed little improvement (AOFAS: initial 53.5, 30 days 56.6); Group II, 38% were dissatisfied and uncomfortable with the night splints (AOFAS: initial 55.6, 30 days 63.3). In group III, 22% of the patients reported pain arising in the morning and after periods of sitting (AOFAS: initial 57.7, 30 days 81.6). Second evaluation: Group I, AOFAS 56.9; Group II AOFAS 72.2; group III AOFAS 88.6. Conclusion: heel elevation presented a satisfactory result, superior to the other methods used; difficulty for patient’s adhesion because it eliminates usage of shoes with no heels; AOFAS / scale close to all patients treated.

scholarly journals The prognostic role of inflammatory markers in COVID 19 patients – A retrospective analysis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivkumar Gopalakrishnan ◽  
sangeetha kandasamy ◽  
S.Malini ◽  
S.Peer Mohamed ◽  
k.velmurugan
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Radiation Hazard ◽  
P Value ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
D Dimer

Abstract Background. Approximately 5% of COVID-19 patients suffer near fatal disease. Clinical and radiologic features may predict severe disease albeit with limited specificity and radiation hazard. Laboratory biomarkers are eyed as simple, specific and point of care triage tools to optimize management decisions.This study aimed to study the role of inflammatory markers in prognosticating COVID-19 patients.Methodology. A hospital based retrospective study was conducted on COVID-19 adult inpatients classified into three groups as mild disease-recovered [Group I], severe disease-recovered [Group II] and dead [Group III]. Categorical outcomes were compared using Chi square test. Univariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association between the explanatory and outcome variables. Unadjusted OR along with 95% CI was calculated. The utility of lab parameters (Ferritin, LDH, D dimer, N/L ratio and PLT/L ratio) in predicting severity of COVID-19 was assessed by Receiver Operative Curve (ROC) analysis. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results. The mean age was 49.32 +/- 17.1 years. Among study population, 378 were Group I, 66 Group II, and 56 Group III. Median levels of Ferritin among the 3 groups were 62ng/mL, 388.50 ng/mL and 1199.50 ng/mL. Median value of LDH were 95U/L, 720 and 982.50(p <0.001). D-dimer values of 3 groups were 23.20ng/mL, 104.30 ng/mL and 197.10 ng/mL (p <0.001). CRP done qualitatively was positive in 2 (0.53%), 30 (45.45%) and 53 (94.64%) of patients. The odds of patients suffering severe COVID-19 rose with rising values of ferritin, LDH and D-dimer [unadjusted OR 1.007, 1.004 &1.020]Conclusion. One time measurement of serum ferritin, LDH, D-dimer and CRP is promising to predict outcomes for COVID 19 inpatients. Single qualitative CRP was equally good but more cost effective than quantitative CRP. The most specific combination was NLR, Lymphocyte percentage and D-dimer levels done between 7th – 10th day of symptoms.

scholarly journals Xylazine, diazepam and midazolam premedicated ketamine anaesthesia in White Leghorn cockerels for typhlectomy

2006 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Maiti ◽  
R. Tiwary ◽  
P. Vasan ◽  
A. Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Blood Electrolytes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Single Comb ◽  
Surgical Operations

Thee different combinations of ketamine hydrochloride were used to induce general anaesthesia for surgical operations (typhlectomy) in 30 adult, single-comb White Leghorn cockerels. They were randomly divided into three groups, each comprising 10 birds. Birds in Group I received xylazine-ketamine combinations at the dose rate of 2 mg xylazine and 10 mg ketamine per kg i.v., whereas birds of Group II received diazepam (2.5 mg / kg i.v.) and 5 min later ketamine (75 mg / kg i.m.). In the Group III, midazolam (2 mg / kg i.m.) and 5 min later ketamine (50 mg / kg i.v.) was administered. The onset of sedation / anaesthesia was shortest (1.60 + 0.27 min) in Group I, followed by Group II (8.40 + 0.83 min) and Group III (17.10 + 1.71 min). Recovery period was shortest in the Group I (65-75 min) followed by Group II (80-85 min) and Group III (92-105 min). Sedation, muscle relaxation and surgical anaesthesia was optimal and excellent in Group I compared with the other two groups. Torticollis, salivation and dyspnoea were observed in Group III. Short-term limb contractions were present in all birds in Groups II and III, up to 20 min of observation. Recovery from anaesthesia was smooth in all three groups. A Surgical procedure (typhlectomy) was performed on all birds. Hypothermia was observed in Group II, whereas heart and respiratory depression was recorded in Group I. Blood sugar level did not vary significantly in any anaesthetic regime. The reduction of haemoglobin was maximum in Group II compared with Groups I and III. Hypoxaemia and hypercapnaea were elevated in all birds in Groups II and III. Blood electrolytes did not vary significantly from the baseline values among the three groups of birds during the period of observation (120 min). The xylazine-ketamine combination was found to be the best anaesthesia for surgical intervention in chickens.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SILODOSIN AND SODIUM DICLOFENAC TO REDUCE PAIN AFTER DJ STENT REMOVAL IN SOETOMO HOSPITAL: DOUBLE-BLINDED RANDOMIZED-CONTROLLED TRIAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasroni Fathurrahman ◽  
Doddy M Soebadi ◽  
Lukman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Stent Removal ◽  
Group I ◽  
Dj Stent ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Double Blinded

Objective: To analyze, measure, compare, prove, and evaluate effectiveness of silodosin, diclofenac sodium, and the combination of both drugs in pain management after stent removal. Materials & Methods: Thirty-three patients were divided into three groups. Group I was given diclofenac Sodium 50 mg, group II was given silodosin 8 mg and group III was given the combination of diclofenac sodium 50 mg and silodosin 8 mg. The Wong Baker Pain Scale (WBPS) was assessed serially: two hours before the DJ stent removal, during DJ stent removal, and after the DJ stent removal (2 hours and 24 hours after). The data was analyzed by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: In this study, 33 patients who underwent DJ stent removal were obtained. Wong Baker was presented in median (min-max) form. The WBPS study in each group did not differ statistically significant. Lowest WBPS during DJ stent removal was found in group III. Group III was better and statistically significant in reducing pain compared to group I and group II (p<0.05). WBPS two hours after removal in each group decreased and group III was better and statistically significant in reducing pain compared to group II, whereas group III compared to group I had an equivalent effectiveness. While the WBPS 24 hours after removal had the same value and did not differ significantly. No side effects or adverse events were found in the use of diclofenac sodium, silodosin, and their combinations. Conclusion: Single oral dose of diclofenac sodium combined with silodosin is effective to reduce pain after DJ stent removal.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY AMONG METFORMIN WITH SITAGLIPTIN, METFORMIN WITH VOGLIBOSE, AND METFORMIN WITH GLIMEPIRIDE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Kala P ◽  
Jamuna Rani R ◽  
Kumar Js
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
P Value ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a most common metabolic disorder. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety among metformin with sitagliptin, metformin with voglibose, and metformin with glimepiride in patients with type 2 DM. Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized clinical trial study, conducted in patients attending the diabetology outpatient department of SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Potheri, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, from January 2013 to January 2014. The patients were randomized into three groups with 40 patients in each group. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hrs postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level were assessed in all the patients before starting the treatment. In Group I, patients were prescribed metformin 500 mg with sitagliptin 50 mg, in Group II, patients were given metformin 500 mg with voglibose 0.2 mg, and in Group III, patients were put on metformin 500 mg with glimepiride 1 mg in the fixed combination. The outcome of the therapy was based on the level of improvement in the blood parameters. Results: There was a significant reduction of FPG level seen in all three groups (p value - Group I <0.0001, Group II < 0.005, and Group III <0.0001). Group I and III showed significant reduction of PPG with p value <0.0001. There was a significant reduction of HbA1c seen in all the three groups (p<0.0001). Conclusion: From the results of this study, it could be concluded that all the three groups were comparable in their efficacy.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF DIFFERENT ORAL HYGIENE AIDS FOR THE REDUCTION OF MORNING BAD BREATH AMONG DENTAL STUDENTS: A CROSSOVER CLINICAL TRIAL

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-533
Author(s):  
Shaijal Godha ◽  
Pralhad L Dasar ◽  
Sandesh N ◽  
Prashant Mishra ◽  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Tooth Brushing ◽  
P Value ◽  
Plaque Score ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Bad Breath ◽  
Group Ii

Background and aim. To assess and compare the effects of different oral hygiene procedures on the reduction of morning bad breath, plaque and gingival status in healthy subjectsMethods. A four step cross-over trial was performed on 32 study subjects. They were allocated into four groups: Group I: tooth brushing; Group II: tooth brushing and tongue scraping; Group III: tooth brushing and mouth washing; and Group IV: tooth brushing, tongue scraping and use of mouthwash. A washout interval of 7 days was employed. At the beginning and at the end of all intervention periods, breath score was measured by hand held sulfide monitor (Breath Alert) at four time intervals. The Plaque and Gingival status was evaluated using Plaque and Gingival Index.Results. The highest reduction in mean breath score (2.12±0.65), plaque score (0.75±0.47) and gingival score (0.67±0.41) were found in the Group IV followed by Group II and Group III. A significant positive correlation was observed between plaque scores and gingival scores before intervention (r=0.443; p value<0.001) and after intervention (r=0.846; p value<0.001).Conclusion. The study findings suggest that mechanical aids in conjunction with chemical regimens are considered as the most effective method for reducing the morning bad breath in healthy subjects and should be incorporated in daily oral hygiene practices.

The Effect of Propofol and Alfentanil on the Increase in Intraocular Pressure Due to Succinylcholine and Intubation

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Eti ◽  
A. Yayci ◽  
T. Umuroǧlu ◽  
F.Y. Göǧüş ◽  
N. Bozkurt
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Vecuronium Bromide ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Thiopental Sodium ◽  
Group Ii

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of propofol and alfentanil on the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) due to succinylcholine and intubation, in comparison with thiopental sodium and vecuronium bromide. Methods Forty patients aged 20–50 years, scheduled for elective surgery requiring endotracheal intubation, were assigned to four groups of ten. General anesthesia was induced with 2.5 mg/kg propofol in Group I, 2.5 mg/kg propofol and 10 μg/kg alfentanil in Group II and 5 mg/kg thiopental in Groups III and IV; muscle relaxation was obtained with either 1.5 mg/kg succinylcholine (Group I, II and III) or 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium bromide (Group IV). In all patients mean arterial pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation and IOP were recorded before (baseline) and after induction, after the muscle relaxant and after endotracheal intubation. Results Compared with their baseline values in Group I IOP decreased significantly after propofol (p<0.01) and increased significantly after intubation (p<0.01). In Group II IOP decreased significantly after propofol and alfentanyl (p<0.001), remained low after succinylcholine (p<0.01) and did not change after intubation. In Group III IOP decreased significantly after thiopental (p<0.001) and increased significantly after intubation (p<0.001). In Group IV it decreased significantly after thiopental (p<0.001), remained low after vecuronium (p<0.001) and increased significantly after intubation (p<0.05). Conclusions In all Groups, IOP did not increase significantly after succinylcholine, but only anesthesia induced with propofol and alfentanil prevented the increase in IOP due to intubation.

Listening to Music during Outpatient Cystoscopy Reduces Pain and Anxiety and Increases Satisfaction: Results from a Prospective Randomized Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jan-Niclas Mumm ◽  
Lennert Eismann ◽  
Severin Rodler ◽  
Theresa Vilsmaier ◽  
Alaleh Zati Zehni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Pain Score ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Satisfaction Rates

<b><i>Background:</i></b> This study investigates the effect of classical music, music of patients’ own choice, or no music on pain reduction during elective cystoscopy. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of the study was to describe the effect of listening to classical music, music of patients’ own choice, or no music on patient’s pain and satisfaction rates when carrying out an elective cystoscopy and the effect on the assessment capability of the performing urologist. <b><i>Design, Setting, and Participants:</i></b> This randomized trial included 127 patients undergoing elective cystoscopy at the Urological Department of the University Clinic of Munich between June 2019 and March 2020. <b><i>Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis:</i></b> Patients were assigned randomly to 3 groups: group I: listening to standardized classical music (<i>n</i> = 35), group II: listening to music according to the patients’ choice (<i>n</i> = 34), and control group III: no music (<i>n</i> = 44). Prior to cystoscopy, anxiety levels were assessed by the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The Visual Analog Scale (VAS, range 1–100) was used for a self-assessment of pain, discomfort, and satisfaction. Statistical analysis was done with Spearman’s rank correlation and <i>t</i>-tests. <b><i>Results and Limitations:</i></b> The median age was 63 (range 27–91) years. The duration of cystoscopy was 5.7 (1–30) min. Patients had undergone a median of 2.3 cystoscopies in the past. Between giving informed consent and cystoscopy, patients had to wait for a median of 64 (0–260) min. The median VAS pain score was significantly lower in group I at 1.7 and group II at 2.3 versus 5.2 in the control group III (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). The control group III had significantly worse pain and patient satisfaction rates compared with groups I and II. Group I had a significant lower VAS pain score than groups II and III (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). Classical music also increased the assessment capability of the preforming urologist. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Listening to music during elective cystoscopy significantly reduces pain and distress and leads to higher patient and surgeon satisfaction. We recommend listening to classical music or music chosen by the patients during outpatient flexible/rigid cystoscopy in daily clinical routine. <b><i>Patient Summary:</i></b> In this study, we found that patients who listened to classical music or music of their own choice while undergoing a cystoscopy showed significant reduction of pain and distress.

scholarly journals Role of Apo B and Apo A1 Levels in Relation to Conventional Lipid Profile in Patients of Ischaemic Heart Disease with or without Type II Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardik N Javia ◽  
Milav H Bhavsar ◽  
Bhavesh R Sadariya ◽  
Amitkumar V Maheshwari ◽  
Hariom Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Apo B ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Introduction: Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the most prevalent chronic disease and the main leading cause of death in the world, with more than half a million newly diagnosed IHD patients each year. Central to this are disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) and Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) are structural and functional components of lipoprotein particles that serve as transporters of cholesterol. Apo B and Apo A1 are among the emerging markers for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Routine conventional lipid profile does not incorporate these markers. Aim: To determine the level of Apo A1 and Apo B in patients of IHD with or without Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and analyse the significance of these parameters over the conventional lipid profile. Materials and Methods: The case-control study was conducted at Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India from July 2013 to December 2013. The study consists of 100 participants including 50 having IHD only (Group I), 50 having IHD with T2DM (Group II) as study groups and 50 healthy individuals (Group III) as control. Various biochemical parameters including Apo B and Apo A1 were analysed and statistically evaluated to come to conclusion. Results: The demographic details of the participants which shows no significant different in age and gender among groups I, II and III. Apo B and A1 were elevated in group I and II and were found highly significant (p-value <0.0001) as compared to the group III. There was positive correlation of serum Apo B levels with total cholesterol (r=0.495, p-value <0.0001), Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL-C) (r=0.526, p-value <0.0001) and Apo A1 (r=0.685, p-value <0.0001) in group I and LDL-C (r=0.468, p-value=0.001) and Apo A1 (r=0.754, p-value <0.0001) in group II. Similarly, Apo A1 levels were positively correlated with Apo B (r=0.685, p<0.0001) in group I and LDL-C (r=0.305, p-value=0.031) and Apo B (r=0.754, p-value <0.0001) in group II. Conclusion: As the Apo B and Apo A1 cover both atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipid parameters respectively, it can be used as a better predictor of development of IHD with and without T2DM in comparison to conventional parameters of lipid profile.

scholarly journals Tympanic membrane perforation: correlation of hearing loss with its site and size

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvinder Singh Sood ◽  
Pooja Pal ◽  
Amit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Tympanic Membrane Perforation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Membrane Perforation ◽  
Group Ii

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The objectives of the study were <span lang="EN-IN">correlation of hearing loss with size and site of tympanic membrane perforation. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">A cross-sectional prospective study of 100 patients of both sex and age between 11-60 years with perforated tympanic membrane was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT). Size and site of TM perforation was assessed using otoscope and otomicroscope. Size of perforation was measured with 1 mm thin wire loop and vernier caliper. Patients were divided into three groups according to size; Group I (0-9 mm), Group II (9-30 mm), Group III (&gt;30 mm). The tympanic membrane was divided into five segments anterosuperior, posterosuperior, anteroinferior, posteroinferior and central for the localization of the site of perforation. Data thus collected was statistically analysed.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Patients with Group I perforation had an average hearing loss of 31.42±7.15 decibel. Group II had an average hearing loss of 39.42±8.97 decibel. Group III had an average hearing loss of 48.91±7.38 decibel. Maximum hearing loss was noted in patients with central perforation with an average hearing loss of 39.34±9.47 decibel. Average hearing loss was found higher in posterior perforations than anterior quadrant perforations. This difference was however not statistically significant with ‘p’ value of ‘0.689’. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Linear correlation was found between size of tympanic membrane perforation and degree of hearing loss. No linear correlation between site of tympanic membrane perforation and hearing loss was found. We found no correlation between duration of disease and size of tympanic membrane perforation with degree of hearing loss.</span></p>

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