scholarly journals Eucalyptus wood treatment and leaching behavior of CCB (Chromated Copper Borate): a field test in Brazilian Midwest

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e421101119746
Author(s):  
Pedro Augusto Fonseca Lima ◽  
Cassiano Pacheco da Silva ◽  
Fernando Nunes Gouveia ◽  
Gabriela Bertoni Belini ◽  
Elias Ricardo Durango Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Wood Treatment ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood

The use of Chromated Copper Borate (CCB) for wood treatment is known with several studies on a laboratory scale. However, there is a lack of field studies to analyze the effect of the CCB over time. This study aimed to evaluate the wood properties of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis W. Mill ex Maiden (called E. urograndis), treated with CCB as well evaluate the leaching of chromium, copper and bore (Cr/Cu/B) in field test. The field experiment, with wood treated and untreated (no CCB application), was installed in 2016 and remained until 2018. Wood physico-mechanical properties were evaluated for each condition (treated and untreated) and at three different time: at 0, 1 and 2 years of field exposure. The elements (Cr/Cu/B) losses (leaching) were determined by the difference in the quantification of each element retained in the wood (retention), from year 0 (amount of original elements) in relation to years 1 and 2 of field exposure. The preservative treatment of E. urograndis wood with CCB was efficient to maintain its physical and mechanical properties (mass loss, basic density, rupture and elasticity modulus) during the 2 years of field exposure. The E. urograndis wood without CCB treatment showed reductions in the physical-mechanical properties, indicating their low natural durability. High leaching (close to 100%) for boron was observed. In addition, the total of CCB retention has not changed (statistically) after 2 years.

scholarly journals ANATOMICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL, PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL WOOD PROPERTIES OF TWO-YEAR-OLD Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla CLONES

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
Amélia Guimarães Carvalho ◽  
Angélica de Cassia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
Mario Tomazello Filho ◽  
Paulina Valenzuela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Wood Basic Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Adult Trees

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus wood from adult trees is used for several purposes; however, the wood of younger trees has limited use. This study aims to characterize and propose uses of two-year-old eucalyptus wood. Six two-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones have been selected and their anatomical, ultrastructural, physical and mechanical wood characteristics evaluated. The wood of Clone A shows more robust fibers with better microfibril arrangement, resulting in better mechanical properties, and therefore, a better performance for structural use. Clone F showed a low variation of wood basic density in the radial direction, facilitating its machinability, and with the Clone B, showed a lower anisotropy, and therefore, the wood is recommended for locations with high variations of humidity. The heterogeneity of the wood characteristics of the evaluated clones confirms the need for further studies, to choose those most adequate to each use.

Wood grain angles variations in Eucalyptus and their relationships to physical-mechanical properties

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1089-1097
Author(s):  
José Clailson Franco Coelho ◽  
Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽  
João Gabriel Missia da Silva ◽  
Maria Naruna Felix de Almeida ◽  
Ramon Ferreira Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
Angular Deviation ◽  
Grain Angle ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between grain angle and wood properties has not been focus of researches in wood industry. The aim of this study was to establish grain angle variations in commercial Eucalyptus logs and their effects on physical-mechanical wood properties. Wood maximum angular deviation (MAD) was correlated with density, volumetric shrinkage, compressive strength parallel to grain, flexural strength and stiffness as determined by bending and acoustic methods in wood of seven Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla clones at 13 years old. The relationship between MAD at pith-bark and base-top positions and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. Amplitude of MAD values was small for the seven clones, and the mean was 6.2°. The grain deviation decreased by only 8% in base-top direction, and the correlations among MAD and three logs heights were small and negative (r = −0.13). MAD values presented an increasing trend of 33% in pith-bark direction, with a small positive correlation (r = 0.42). Basic density (BD) presented a significant correlation with the MAD (r = 26). There was no significant correlation between the MAD and volumetric shrinkage, mechanical properties and modulus of elasticity dynamic (determined by stress wave timer, ultrasound or transverse vibration).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HYDROTHERMAL AND FREEZING TREATMENT ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 938-946
Author(s):  
FABIANA PAIVA DE FREITAS ◽  
ANA MÁRCIA MACEDO LADEIRA CARVALHO ◽  
ANGÉLICA DE CÁSSIA OLIVEIRA CARNEIRO ◽  
WAGNER DAVEL CANAL ◽  
RENATO VINÍCIUS OLIVEIRA CASTRO
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Test Body ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood ◽  
Length Width

ABSTRACT Wood, in general, is a material with excellent properties; however, some features may limit its use. In this sense, various thermal treatments are emerging as alternatives to improve the technological properties of wood. In this context, this study aims at analyzing the effects of time and temperature (hydrothermal treatment and freezing) on the physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. Three trees were selected, and only the heartwood was used to obtain the test body dimensions of 30 × 8 × 3 cm (length × width × thickness). The treatments were carried out at three temperatures of -20, 60, and 100°C, each at three exposure times (5, 10, and 15 h). Temperature treatment at -20°C was conducted in a domestic freezer, while the treatments at 60 and 100°C were administered in a Parr reactor, where the timber was submerged in water. Regardless of the exposure time, the timbers heat-treated at 100°C showed more efficiency, since this treatment unclogged the pores, reduced hygroscopicity, and promoted further darkening and uniformity of color, without changing the density and mechanical strength of the wood.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF JUVENILE Schizolobium amazonicum WOOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziela Baptista Vidaurre ◽  
Benedito Rocha Vital ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira ◽  
José Tarcísio da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Jordão Cabral Moulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Longitudinal Contraction ◽  
The North ◽  
World Demand ◽  
Fast Growing Species

ABSTRACT Growth in world demand for wood implies a search for new fast growing species with silvicultural potential, and in this scenario for native species such as Paricá . Thus, the objective of this study was determining the physical and mechanical wood properties of the Schizolobium amazonicum species (known as Paricá in Brazil). Trees were collected from commercial plantations located in the north of Brazil with ages of 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. Four logs from trees of each age in the longitudinal direction of the trees were obtained, and later a diametrical plank of each log was taken to manufacture the specimens which were used to evaluate some physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The basic density of Paricá was reduced in the basetop direction and no difference between the radial positions was observed, while the average basic density of this wood was characterized as low. The region close to the bark showed less longitudinal contraction and also greater homogeneity of this property along the trunk, while for tangential contraction the smallest variation was found in the region near the pith. Paricá wood contraction was characterized as low. Age influenced most of the mechanical properties, where logs from the base had the highest values of mechanical strength.

scholarly journals Evaluating basic density calibrations based on NIR spectra recorded on the three wood faces and subject to different mathematical treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelize A. Amaral ◽  
Luana M. Dos Santos ◽  
Paulo R.G. Hein ◽  
Emylle V.S. Costa ◽  
Sebastião Carlos S. Rosado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Immersion Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood

Background: Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to estimate the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of various biological materials, including wood. This study aimed to evaluate basic density calibrations based on NIR spectra collected from three wood faces and subject to different mathematical treatments. Methods: Diffuse reflectance NIR spectra were recorded using an integrating sphere on the transverse, radial and tangential surfaces of 278 wood specimens of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis. Basic density of the wood specimens was determined in the laboratory by the immersion method and correlated with NIR spectra by Partial Least Squares regression. Different statistical treatments were then applied to the data, including Standard Normal Variate, Multiplicative Scatter Correction, First and Second Derivatives, Normalization, Autoscale and MeanCenter transformations. Results: The predictive model based on NIR spectra measured on the transverse surface performed the best (R²cv = 0.85 and RMSE = 25.5 kg/m³) while the model developed from the NIR spectra measured on the tangential surface had the poorest performance (R²cv = 0.53 and RMSE = 46.8 kg/m³). The difference in performance between models based on original (untreated) and mathematically-treated spectra was minimal. Conclusions: Multivariate models fitted to NIR spectra were found to be efficient for predicting the basic density of Eucalyptus wood, especially when based on spectra measured on the transversal surface. For this data set, models based on the original spectra and mathematically treated spectra had similar performance. The reported findings show that mathematical transformations are not always able to extract more information from the spectra in the NIR.

Anatomical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Fast-Growing Populus × Euramericana cv. ‘74/76’

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Rongjun ◽  
Yao Chunli ◽  
Cheng Xianbao ◽  
Lu Jianxiong ◽  
Fei Benhua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Large Growth

The anatomical characteristics, chemical composition, and physical and mechanical properties of fast-growing Populus × euramericana cv. ‘74/76’ juvenile wood were investigated. Four- to five-year-old clonal plantation trees were harvested from two different experimental sites in the suburbs of Beijing. The Shunyi site had black alkali soil with a planting density of 4 × 6 m and the Miyun site had sandy loam soil with a planting density of 3 × 5 m. The test results showed that the poplar trees from the two sites were both fast growing, with poplar at Shunyi growing faster than at Miyun. There were no significant differences in wood properties between trees grown at the two sites. Fiber length at breast height varied from 872 to 1300 μm between growth rings, average fiber width varied from 21.0 to 25.5 μm and double wall thickness varied from 5.0 to 6.6 μm. Average cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose contents in the samples were 48.9%, 25.4%, and 18.8%, respectively. MFA was higher in the first two growth rings (20–25°), and then decreased rapidly to 12° close to the bark. The average air-dry density at breast height was 401 kg/m3 while the average MOE at breast height was 9.3 GPa. The trees showed large growth rates in both height and stem diameter during the growing season. However, wood properties of the juvenile poplar appeared to be similar to those of poplars with a slower growth rate.

Within-Tree Variation in Wood Fibre Biometry And Basic Density of the Urograndis Eucalypt Hybrid (Eucalyptus Grandis × E. Urophylla)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Quilhó ◽  
Isabel Miranda ◽  
Helena Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Axial Variation ◽  
Average Fibre ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Hybrid Eucalyptus ◽  
Old Trees

Within-tree variations in fibre length, width, wall thickness and wood basic density of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla (urograndis) were studied in five 6.8-yr-old seedling trees and five 5.6-yr-old trees from one clone from Brazil. Samples were taken at 5%, 25%, 35%, 55%, 65% and 90% of stem height and five radial positions (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of radius). The tree average fibre length, width and wall thickness were in seed and clone trees: 0.955 mm and 1.064 mm, 18 μm and 20 μm, 3.6 μm and 4.4 μm respectively. The axial variation of fibre dimensions was very low, while there was a consistent but small increasing trend from pith to periphery. The basic density ranged from 397–464 kg/m3 to 486–495 kg/m3 respectively in seedling and clone trees with a low variation along the stem. In comparison with other eucalypt pulpwood, e.g. E. globulus, the urograndis hybrid showed similar fibre dimensions and lower basic density. Overall the within-tree variation of these wood properties was low and age had a small impact on the variation of density and fibre dimensions.

scholarly journals Effect of waterlogging on physical and mechanical properties of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. tree

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Elias ◽  
AK Das ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MA Islam
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Waterlogged Area ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Samanea Saman

This research intends to explore the mechanical and physical properties of waterlogged rain tree (Samanea saman). The variation of mechanical and physical wood properties grown in waterlogged and non-waterlogged area were studied. Four trees of the species were selected from two areas. Important mechanical and physical properties were examined for the wood of two types of trees Oven dry density for the wood of waterlogged tree was 420 kg/m3 whether it was 550 kg/m3 for the wood of non-waterlogged tree. The MOR of wood of waterlogged tree was 58.2 N/mm2 and wood of non-waterlogged tree produced 78.1 N/mm2. The MOE of the wood of waterlogged tree and non-waterlogged tree were 1478 and 4876 N/mm2. The physical and mechanical properties were lower for the wood of waterlogged tree. Such findings may in proper uses of the species.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 49-52, 2017

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF DRYING ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD FROM TREES GROWN IN AN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elder Eloy ◽  
Eduarda Bandera ◽  
Tauana Mangini ◽  
Laura da Silva Zanchetta ◽  
Rômulo Trevisan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba ◽  
Standard Specimens ◽  
Forced Air ◽  
Air Circulation

ABSTRACT The cultivation of native and exotic species intercropped in an agroforestry system raises the interest for information on the properties of wood. Therefore, different methods are being tested to improve the technological properties of this material, including drying, which causes changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The present study investigated the influence of drying on the physical and mechanical properties of wood from tree species grown in an agroforestry system. Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (hybrid), and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S.F.Blake were the species selected for the study. Three 9-year-old individuals of each of the species were obtained from an agroforestry system. Thirty wood samples (2.5 × 2.5 × 41 cm) were extracted from each species. The wood samples were divided between temperature treatments; 6 samples were used for each heat treatment (control, 120, 150, 180, and 210 °C), which were then dried for two hours in an oven (with forced air circulation). Following the heat treatment, the mechanical properties of wood samples were evaluated to determine the modulus of elasticity and rupture, the tension in the proportional limit, and maximum force according to the ASTM D-143-94 (2000) standard. Finally, the physical properties of the retractability of the wood samples were evaluated according to the NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997) standard. Specimens used to analyze this variable came from sections of the wood (sample dimensions: 2.5 × 2.5 × 5 cm) not affected by the static bending test. Our findings indicate that, for all species investigated in this study, drying alters the physical and mechanical properties of the wood, with the most significant changes occurring at temperatures between 120 and 180 °C.

Interpreting research results for the physical and mechanical properties of wood: An approach not dependent on a juvenile/mature wood boundary

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 6921-6932
Author(s):  
Tomislav Sinković ◽  
Branimir Jambreković ◽  
Tomislav Sedlar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
The Difference

The interpretation and presentation of research on the physical and mechanical properties of wood in the radial direction is important for the estimation of technological properties in primary wood processing. It is common practice to define the boundary between the juvenile and mature wood zone of tree growth because of the differences in wood properties in these two zones. The juvenile and mature wood zones can be determined statistically based on the significance of the difference in the properties in a particular zone. This paper presents the insufficiency in the statistical determination of the boundary between juvenile and adult wood. Such limitations detract from the potential value and technological exploitation of wood as raw material. Statistical tests yielded zones that were too wide for the transition of juvenile wood to mature wood. Representations of the distribution of properties in the radial direction also complement the knowledge for assessing the technological properties based on the researched use of the presentation of polynomials of the second degree and the display of the Tukey HSD test in the form of comparison tables. The graphical representations by groups of the tested annual rings of fir wood also help to assess the technological properties.

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