scholarly journals The impact of biofilm formation on implantable cardiac devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. e127101623415
Author(s):  
Nicole Abdullah ◽  
Oona Salomão Erdmann ◽  
Beatriz Essenfelder Borges

Introduction: biofilm is a culture of sessile bacteria, isolated from the external world, capable of internal communication and signalization, which allow for the development of phenotypic changes to adapt to hostile environments. Given its easy pathogenic dissemination, biofilms can develop in prosthetics and implantable medical devices, forming focal nosocomial infections. Objective: to comprehend biofilm formation mechanisms in implantable cardiac devices in an intra-hospital environment, as well as the treatment and prophylactic measures to treat this condition. Materials and methods: descriptive and observational exploratory study based on a literary review on biofilm formation, its consequences in a hospital environment, and infections caused by proliferation on implantable cardiac devices. In total, 28 articles were selected using the following descriptors: ((nosocomial) AND (cardiac)) AND (devices). Results: biofilm grows in an uneven form, being influenced by strain and environment. It has a high virulence when it comes to growing on implantable cardiac devices considering its ability to adhere to biotic and abiotic surfaces. Immunosuppression and the lack of surgical sterilization are factors that can contribute to complications associated with the use of these devices, such as infectious endocarditis. Conclusion: biofilm, due to its pathogenicity and virulence, is a serious though rare complication in patients that use implantable devices. There is evidence that contamination occurs mainly in surgical environments, making it necessary the application of more rigorous sterilization techniques. 

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-303
Author(s):  
Z. Meziani ◽  
H. Hassaine ◽  
F. Belhachemi

Background: The significant increase in the use of implantable cardiac devices (ICDs) has been accompanied by biofilm formation and increase rate of infection on the devices. The purpose of our study is to describe the clinical and microbiological findings of infection of ICDs in the cardiology units of western Algeria hospitals. Methodology: All patients with clinical diagnosis of ICD infections or infective endocarditis upon removal of their ICDs from December 2012 to August 2014 in cardiology units of 4 Algerian hospitals were included in the study. Each element of the ICD pocket and lead was separately sonicated in sterile saline, inoculated onto Chapman and MacConkey agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37oC for colony count after 24 hours. Biochemical identification of the bacteria isolates was made by API 20E, API 20 NE and API Staph, and confirmed by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics WalkAway® 96 Plus System. Antibiotic susceptibility testing on each isolate was performed by the disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. Biofilm formation was detected by Congo Red Agar (CRA) and Tissue Culture Plate (TCP) methods, and hydrophobicity of the bacterial cell was determined by the MATH protocol. Results: Over a period of twenty-one months, 17 ICDs were removed from patients with post-operative infections; 6 (35.3%) had early infection of ICD and 11 (64.7%) had late ICD infection. Fifty-four bacterial strains were isolated and identified, with coagulase-negative staphylococci being the predominant bacteria with 46.3% (25/54). There was no significant association between hydrophobicity and antimicrobial resistance in the 54 isolates but there is positive correlation between biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance, with the strongest biofilm producers resistant to more than one antibiotic. Four independent predictors of infection of resynchronization devices were reported; reoperation, multi-morbidity, long procedure, and ICD implantation. Conclusion: Our study is the first in Algeria to describe microbiological characteristics of ICD infection. The bacteria in the biofilm were protected, more resistant and tolerated high concentrations of antibiotics and thus played a major role in the development of ICD infections. Despite the improvements in ICD design and implantation techniques, ICD infection remains a serious challenge. Keywords: implantable cardiac devices, staphylococci, resistance, biofilm, hydrophobicity French title: Infections des dispositifs cardiaques implantables par des bactéries formant un biofilm dans les hôpitaux de l'ouest Algérien Contexte: L'augmentation significative de l'utilisation des dispositifs cardiaques implantables est un risque majeur d'augmentation du taux d'infection et donc du risque de formation d'un biofilm sur ce genre de dispositifs. L'objectif de notre étude est de décrire les résultats cliniques et microbiologiques de l'infection sur les dispositifs cardiaques implantables (DCI) dans les unités de cardiologie des hôpitaux de l'ouest Algérien. Méthodologie: Tous les patients cliniquement diagnostiqués avec une infection sur DCI, ou une endocardite infectieuse et ayant subit un retrait de leur dispositif cardiaque sont inclus dans cette étude et cela sur une période entre décembre 2012 et aout 2014 dans 4 unités de cardiologie. Chaque élément du DCI (boitier et sonde) est trempé séparément dans une solution saline stérile, ensemencé sur deux milieux de culture, un milieu de Chapman et un milieu MacConkey et incubé en aérobiose à 37°C pour la numération des colonies après 24 heures. L'identification biochimique des isolats de bactéries est effectuée par le API 20E, API 20 NE et API Staph, et confirmée par le système WalkAway® 96 Plus de Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics. Les tests de sensibilité aux antibiotiques de chaque isolat sont effectués par la méthode de diffusion des disques sur gélose de Mueller Hinton. La formation d'un biofilm est détectée par les méthodes de la gélose rouge du Congo (CRA) et de la plaque de culture tissulaire (TCP), et l'hydrophobicité de la cellule bactérienne est déterminée par le protocole MATH. Résultats: Sur une période de 21 mois, 17 DCI sont retirés de patients atteints d'infections postopératoires; 6 patients (35,3%) sont identifiés comme ayant une infection précoce sur leurs DCI et 11 patients (64,7%) ayant une infection tardive. Cinquante-quatre souches bactériennes sont isolées et identifiées, les staphylocoques à coagulase négative étant les bactéries prédominantes avec 46,3% (25/54). Il n'y a pas d'association significative entre l'hydrophobicité et la résistance aux antimicrobiens dans les 54 isolats, mais il existe une corrélation positive entre la production de biofilm et la résistance aux antimicrobiens, les plus puissants en biofilm sont résistant à plus d'un antibiotique. Quatre facteurs prédictifs indépendants d’infection des dispositifs cardiaques implantable sont retrouvés dans ce travail: ré-intervention, longue procédure, sujets multi-tarés, et implantation d’un DCI Conclusion: Notre étude est la première en Algérie à décrire les caractéristiques microbiologiques de l'infection des DCI. Les bactéries présentes dans le biofilm sont protégées, plus résistantes et tolèrent de fortes concentrations d'antibiotiques et jouent ainsi un rôle majeur dans le développement des infections par DCI. Malgré des améliorations dans les techniques de conception et d'implantation de DCI, l'infection des dispositifs cardiaques implantables reste un problème grave et très couteux. Mots-clés: dispositifs cardiaques implantables; staphylocoque; résistance; biofilm; hydrophobicité


Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Coutinho das Neves ◽  
Márcia Renata Mortari ◽  
Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz ◽  
André Kipnis ◽  
Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis

Intravascular stent infection is a rare complication with a high morbidity and high mortality; bacteria from the hospital environment form biofilms and are often multidrug-resistant (MDR). Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as alternatives to bacterial infection treatment. We analyzed the formation of the bacterial biofilm on the vascular stents and also tested the inhibition of this biofilm by AMPs to be used as treatment or coating. Antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm were tested with wasp (Agelaia-MPI, Polybia-MPII, Polydim-I) and scorpion (Con10 and NDBP5.8) AMPs against Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains. A. baumannii formed a biofilm on the vascular stent. Agelaia-MPI and Polybia-MPII inhibited biofilm formation with bacterial cell wall degradation. Coating biofilms with polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and Agelaia-MPI reduced 90% of A. baumannii adhesion on stents. The wasp AMPs Agelaia-MPI and Polybia-MPII had better action against MDR A. baumannii adherence and biofilm formation on vascular stents, preventing its formation and treating mature biofilm when compared to the other tested peptides.


EP Europace ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
Maria F Paton ◽  
Maurizio Landolina ◽  
Jean-Renaud Billuart ◽  
Duncan Field ◽  
Jonathan Sibley ◽  
...  

Abstract Aims Implanters of cardiac implantable electronic devices cannot easily choose devices by longevity as usually current models only have projected longevity data since those with known performance are obsolete. This study examines how projected device longevities are derived, the influencing factors, and their roles in guiding model choice. Methods and results Ninety-eight implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) models released in Europe in 2007–17 were analysed for reported battery capacities, projected longevities for standardized settings stipulated by the French Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) and manufacturer-chosen settings. Battery capacities and HAS projected longevities increased during the study period. Based on current drain estimation, therapy functions consumed only a small portion (2–7%) of the battery energy for single- and dual-chamber ICDs, but up to 50% (from biventricular pacing) for CRT-Ds. Large differences exist between manufacturers and models both in terms of battery capacity and energy consumption. Conclusion Battery capacity is not the sole driver of longevity for electronic implantable cardiac devices and, particularly for ICDs, the core function consume a large part of the battery energy even in the absence of therapy. Providing standardized current drain consumption in addition to battery capacity may provide more meaningful longevity information among implantable electronic cardiac devices.


2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Niraj Varma ◽  

The use of implantable electronic cardiac devices is increasing. Post-implantation follow-up is important for monitoring both device function and patient condition; however, clinical practice is inconsistent. For example, implantable cardioverter–defibrillator follow-up schedules vary from every three months to yearly according to facility and physician preference and the availability of resources. Importantly, no surveillance occurs between follow-up visits. By contrast, implantable devices with automatic remote monitoring capability provide a means for performing constant surveillance, with the ability to identify salient problems rapidly. The Lumos-T Reduces Routine Office Device Follow-up Study (TRUST) demonstrated that remote home monitoring reduced clinic burden and allowed early detection of patient and/or system problems, enabling efficient monitoring and an opportunity to enhance patient safety. The results of the trial have significant implications for the management of patients receiving all forms of implantable electronic cardiac device.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 5218
Author(s):  
Laxmi Mohandas ◽  
Anju T. R. ◽  
Sarita G. Bhat*

An assortment of redox-active phenazine compounds like pyocyanin with their characteristic blue-green colour are synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens, which are also considered one of the most commercially valuable microorganisms. In this study, pyocyanin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BTRY1 from food sample was assessed for its antibiofilm activity by micro titer plate assay against strong biofilm producers belonging to the genera Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Brevibacterium and Micrococcus. Pyocyanin inhibited biofilm activity in very minute concentrations. This was also confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). Both SEM and CLSM helped to visualize the biocontrol of biofilm formation by eight pathogens. The imaging and quantification by CLSM also established the impact of pyocyanin on biofilm-biocontrol mainly in the food industry.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1641
Author(s):  
Stefanie Kligman ◽  
Zhi Ren ◽  
Chun-Hsi Chung ◽  
Michael Angelo Perillo ◽  
Yu-Cheng Chang ◽  
...  

Implant surface design has evolved to meet oral rehabilitation challenges in both healthy and compromised bone. For example, to conquer the most common dental implant-related complications, peri-implantitis, and subsequent implant loss, implant surfaces have been modified to introduce desired properties to a dental implant and thus increase the implant success rate and expand their indications. Until now, a diversity of implant surface modifications, including different physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been applied to a broad range of materials, such as titanium, zirconia, and polyether ether ketone, to achieve these goals. Ideal modifications enhance the interaction between the implant’s surface and its surrounding bone which will facilitate osseointegration while minimizing the bacterial colonization to reduce the risk of biofilm formation. This review article aims to comprehensively discuss currently available implant surface modifications commonly used in implantology in terms of their impact on osseointegration and biofilm formation, which is critical for clinicians to choose the most suitable materials to improve the success and survival of implantation.


Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 625
Author(s):  
Fatma Y. Ahmed ◽  
Usama Farghaly Aly ◽  
Rehab Mahmoud Abd El-Baky ◽  
Nancy G. F. M. Waly

Most of the infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa strains are extremely difficult to be treated with conventional antibiotics. Biofilm formation and efflux pumps are recognized as the major antibiotic resistance mechanisms in MDR P. aeruginosa. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa depends mainly on the cell-to-cell communication quorum-sensing (QS) systems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) have been used as antimicrobial agents against several microorganisms but have not been reported as an anti-QS agent. This study aims to evaluate the impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) on QS and efflux pump genes expression in MDR P. aeruginosa isolates. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 25 P. aeruginosa isolates were performed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDN) were prepared by the sol gel method and characterized by different techniques (DLS, HR-TEM, XRD, and FTIR). The expression of efflux pumps in the MDR isolates was detected by the determination of MICs of different antibiotics in the presence and absence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Biofilm formation and the antibiofilm activity of TDN were determined using the tissue culture plate method. The effects of TDN on the expression of QS genes and efflux pump genes were tested using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The average size of the TDNs was 64.77 nm. It was found that TDN showed a significant reduction in biofilm formation (96%) and represented superior antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa strains in comparison to titanium dioxide powder. In addition, the use of TDN alone or in combination with antibiotics resulted in significant downregulation of the efflux pump genes (MexY, MexB, MexA) and QS-regulated genes (lasR, lasI, rhll, rhlR, pqsA, pqsR) in comparison to the untreated isolate. TDN can increase the therapeutic efficacy of traditional antibiotics by affecting efflux pump expression and quorum-sensing genes controlling biofilm production.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Marit de Vries ◽  
Bill Rowson ◽  
Xandra Vasse

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