Gate-on-drain overlapped L-shaped channel Tunnel FET as label-free biosensor

In this manuscript gate-on-drain L-shaped channel Tunnel FET is proposed to detect various biomolecules through label-free bio-sensing detection technique. Biomolecules can be detected in the proposed structure through modulating ambipolar current between channel and drain by overlapping gate on drain thus creating a cavity. Trapped biomolecules within cavity gets immobilized. Immobilized biomolecules change the drain to channel tunneling width, thus changing the ambiploar leakage current. Drain doping and cavity length was fine-tuned to achieve better sensitivity in terms of ambipolar current and ambipolar knee voltage shift with and without presence of biomolecules. A maximum sensitivity of 3.8×107 is achieved for drain doping of 5×1019 donors/cm3 and cavity length of 60nm. A high value of sensitivity is achieved for each biomolecules when drain doping ranged from 1019 donors/cm3 to 5×1019 donors/cm3 and cavity length ranged between 40nm to 50nm. Effect of differently charged biomolecules on sensitivity has also be structured.

Design of XOR and XNOR Based Full Adder Circuits

This paper has a XOR / XNOR gate circuits produces separate and establishes a simultaneous XOR - XNOR function.. Due to stubby yield capacity and short-circuit energy dissipation, the power utilization and latency of these circuits is increasing A new one-bit adder hybrid circuit is chosen built on the effective gates of xor xnor or xor / xnor. Each prefer circuit has its own advantages as it is known for its high speed, low current drain, short delay product (PDP), galvanic ability, etc. Simulations of the planned models were carried out using Mentor Graphics to see the quality of these projects. The simulation results are based on the 130-nm CMOS engineering design. A recent technique of transistor sizing is implemented to improve the circuits ' PDP.

P6547The energy cost of His bundle pacing can be curtailed

Introduction His bundle pacing (HBP) allows physiological ventricular activation and prevents the electrical and mechanical desynchronization generally induced by myocardial stimulation, which can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. On the other hand, reliable HBP capture often requires higher energy than conventional myocardial pacing. This reduces the expected life of the stimulator and might limit the diffusion of HBP in the clinical practice. Purpose Decreasing HBP current drain by careful management of stimulation safety margin and pulse duration. Methods In 28 patients undergoing DDD pacing with HBP, a third lead was implanted in RV apex to provide back-up pacing on demand. HBP and apical leads were connected, respectively, to the V1 and V2 channels of a 3-chamber stimulator. When HBP was effective, apical sensing occurred within the VV delay and prevented V2 stimulation. In contrast, in case of HBP failure, V2 sensing was missing and apical back-up pacing was promptly delivered at the end of the VV delay. The availability of a back-up pulse on demand allowed reducing the HBP safety margin with no risk. Furthermore, the individual HBP strength-duration curve was derived in the aim of optimizing the Hisian pulse parameters, which are the major determinants of the device current drain. Results Correct back-up inhibition by successful HBP and stimulation in the event of capture loss was achieved in all the patients. The latency from Hisian pacing to apical sensing averaged 96±14 ms. According to the pacemaker counters, no back-up pulse was delivered in daily life in 59% of patients. In the remaining, the prevalence of back-up stimulation never exceeded 15% of paced ventricular cycles. The high HBP threshold was essentially due to an increased rheobase (1.2±0.6 V), while the chronaxie ranged from 0.30 to 0.53 ms in 71% of patients (median 0.44 ms), exceeding 0.6 ms only in 29% of the cases. An average current saving of 5.4±3.0 μA was obtained at the expense of a mild reduction in HBP safety margin (from 1.6±0.2 to 1.4±0.1 times). HBP and apical back-up Conclusions Back-up stimulation on demand is a reliable option to decrease HBP current drain and prolong the stimulator service life with full safety. In most of the cases, significant saving can be achieved by pulse shortening, as the chronaxie time is in the same range as with myocardial stimulation and longer pulses are not required. A pulse duration exceeding 0.6 ms is indicated in less than 1/3 of the implants.

Effects of Area Ratio on the Characteristics of Metal-Ferroelectric-Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors (MFMIS FETs)

The switching physics of ferroelectric, series capacitance theory and Pao and Sah’s double integral are used for describing the polarization-voltage (P-V) characteristic of ferroelectric layer, capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristic of MFMIS capacitor, and drain current-gate voltage (ID-VGS) and drain current-drain voltage (ID-VDS) characteristics of MFMIS FET. The effects of the area ratio on the P-V, C-V, ID-VGS, and ID-VDS characteristics are discussed. The results indicate that with the increase of the area ratio, the P-V characteristic, memory windows of C-V and ID-VGS characteristics become saturated, while the drain current ON/OFF ratio and applied voltage for saturated memory window decrease.

Projected longevities of cardiac implantable defibrillators: a retrospective analysis over the period 2007–17 and the impact of technological factors in determining longevity

Aims Implanters of cardiac implantable electronic devices cannot easily choose devices by longevity as usually current models only have projected longevity data since those with known performance are obsolete. This study examines how projected device longevities are derived, the influencing factors, and their roles in guiding model choice. Methods and results Ninety-eight implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator (CRT-D) models released in Europe in 2007–17 were analysed for reported battery capacities, projected longevities for standardized settings stipulated by the French Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) and manufacturer-chosen settings. Battery capacities and HAS projected longevities increased during the study period. Based on current drain estimation, therapy functions consumed only a small portion (2–7%) of the battery energy for single- and dual-chamber ICDs, but up to 50% (from biventricular pacing) for CRT-Ds. Large differences exist between manufacturers and models both in terms of battery capacity and energy consumption. Conclusion Battery capacity is not the sole driver of longevity for electronic implantable cardiac devices and, particularly for ICDs, the core function consume a large part of the battery energy even in the absence of therapy. Providing standardized current drain consumption in addition to battery capacity may provide more meaningful longevity information among implantable electronic cardiac devices.

His bundle has shorter chronaxie than adjacent ventricular myocardium: Implications for pacemaker programming

BackgroundStrength-duration curves for permanent His bundle (HB) pacing are potentially important for pacemaker programming.ObjectiveWe aimed to calculate strength-duration curve and chronaxie of the His bundle (HB) and of the adjacent right ventricular (RV) working myocardium and to analyze zones of selective HB capture and battery current drain when pacing at different pulse durations (PDs).MethodsConsecutive patients with permanent HB pacing were studied. The RV and HB capture thresholds were assessed at several PDs. Battery current drain and zones of selective HB capture at PDs of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0 ms were determined.ResultsIn the whole group (n =127) the HB chronaxie was shorter than the RV chronaxie. This difference was driven by patients with selective HB pacing (HB chronaxie of 0.47 vs RV chronaxie of 0.79 ms). Strength-duration curve for HB had lower rheobase and its steep portion started at shorter PDs thus creating wider distance - zone of programmable selective HB pacing - between the HB and RV strength-duration curves at shorter PDs. The battery current drain was lower with pacing at PDs of 0.1 - 0.4 ms vs 1.0 ms. Chronaxie adjusted PDs offered lowest current drain.ConclusionFor the first time the strength-duration curves for permanent selective and non-selective HB pacing were determined. Selective HB capture and battery longevity can be promoted by shorter PDs (0.2 ms). Longer PDs (1.0 ms) offer bigger safety margin for RV capture and may be preferable if simultaneous RV capture during HB pacing is desired.