Facultative feeding in a marine copepod: effects of larval food and temperature on performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 652 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
AN Gangur ◽  
DJ Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Development Time ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Harpacticoid Copepod ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
The Impact

Most marine invertebrate larvae either feed or rely on reserves provisioned by parents to fuel development, but facultative feeders can do both. Food availability and temperature are key environmental drivers of larval performance, but the effects of larval experience on performance later in life are poorly understood in facultative feeders. In particular, the functional relevance of facultative feeding is unclear. One feature to be tested is whether starved larvae can survive to adulthood and reproduce. We evaluated effects of larval temperature and food abundance on performance in a marine harpacticoid copepod, Tisbe sp. In doing so, we report the first example of facultative feeding across the entire larval stage for a copepod. In a series of experiments, larvae were reared with ad libitum food or with no food, and at 2 different temperatures (20 vs. 24°C). We found that higher temperatures shortened development time, and larvae reared at higher temperature tended to be smaller. Larval food consistently improved early performance (survival, development rate and size) in larvae, while starvation consistently decreased survival, increased development time and decreased size at metamorphosis. Nonetheless, a small proportion (3-9.5%, or 30-42.7% with antibiotics) of larvae survived to metamorphosis, could recover from a foodless larval environment, reach maturity and successfully reproduce. We recommend that future studies of facultative feeding consider the impact of larval environments on adult performance and ability to reproduce.

Behavioural effects of biofouling in a marine copepod

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. McAllen ◽  
G.W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Harpacticoid Copepod ◽  
The Body ◽  
Swimming Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
The Impact

The impact of biofouling by the filamentous bacteria Leucothrix mucor upon the body density and swimming behaviour of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus brevicornis was investigated. Biofouled individuals had a greater body density than non-fouled individuals. Biofouled and non-fouled animals swam similar distances and for similar periods of time during trials, but biofouled animals engaged in fewer, but longer bouts of swimming per trial and as a result experienced a lower swimming rate. These observations imply that biofouling has significant implications for the behavioural ecology of T. brevicornis.

Combined effects of temperature and hypoxia shape female brooding behaviors and the early ontogeny of the Chilean kelp crab Taliepus dentatus

2020 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
pp. 93-107
Author(s):  
S Baldanzi ◽  
D Storch ◽  
M Fusi ◽  
N Weidberg ◽  
A Tissot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Early Ontogeny ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Larval Size

The ecophysiology of marine ectotherms is regulated by the interaction of temperature with environmental drivers, such as dissolved oxygen (DO). The combination of low levels of DO and temperature in the ocean affects physiological and behavioral responses, especially in early life history traits of marine species. Here, we aimed to investigate the combined effect of ecologically relevant values of temperature and DO on female brooding behavior as well as on the early ontogeny of the Chilean kelp crab Taliepus dentatus. In a laboratory experiment, after acclimation and mating of females and males in constant temperatures (11 or 14°C), we exposed brooding females to 1 of 2 temperatures (11 or 14°C) and 1 of 2 DO levels (normoxia or cycling hypoxia). We tested the effects of these 4 treatments on embryo and larval sizes, embryo developmental time, female brooding behavior (i.e. embryo ventilation), larval hatching (i.e. number of hatched larvae), Zoea 1 survival to starvation, and swimming speed. We found a negative effect of temperature on the size of early embryos, but no interactions were detected in embryo size during development. High temperature and low DO increased female brooding behavior and larval size, reduced the number of hatched larvae, and affected larval swimming speed. Embryo development time and larval survival were negatively affected by temperature. These results suggest that an increasing frequency of hypoxic events, combined with ocean warming, might have important consequences on marine invertebrate brooders, affecting female fecundity, larval performance and, potentially, their dispersal ability even well within their optimal thermal range.

scholarly journals Impacts of Environmental Factors on Head and Neck Cancer Pathogenesis and Progression

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Marisol Miranda-Galvis ◽  
Reid Loveless ◽  
Luiz Paulo Kowalski ◽  
Yong Teng
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
The Impact

Epidemiological and clinical studies over the past two decades have provided strong evidence that genetic elements interacting with environmental components can individually and collectively influence one’s susceptibility to cancer. In addition to tumorigenic properties, numerous environmental factors, such as nutrition, chemical carcinogens, and tobacco/alcohol consumption, possess pro-invasive and pro-metastatic cancer features. In contrast to traditional cancer treatment, modern therapeutics not only take into account an individual’s genetic makeup but also consider gene–environment interactions. The current review sharpens the focus by elaborating on the impact that environmental factors have on the pathogenesis and progression of head and neck cancer and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives in this area of research are also discussed. Inhibiting key environmental drivers of tumor progression should yield survival benefits for patients at any stage of head and neck cancer.

Abrupt mortality of marine invertebrates at the Younger Dryas-Holocene transition in a shallow inlet of the Goldthwait Sea

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1894-1908
Author(s):  
Andréanne Bourgeois-Roy ◽  
Hugo Crites ◽  
Pascal Bernatchez ◽  
Denis Lacelle ◽  
André Martel
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Laurentide Ice Sheet ◽  
The North ◽  
Invertebrate Diversity ◽  
Shell Deposit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rapid Environmental Change

The late Pleistocene–early Holocene transition period was characterized by rapid environmental change. Here, we investigate the impact of these changes on the marine invertebrates living in a shallow inlet of the post-glacial Goldthwait Sea. The site is located near Baie-Comeau (QC, Canada), where a number of remarkably well-preserved shell deposits are found along the Rivière aux Anglais Valley on the north shore of the St. Lawrence maritime estuary. Seven phyla of marine invertebrates with a minimum of 25 species or taxa were inventoried in a shell deposit, dominated by a community of Hiatella arctica with Mytilus edulis and barnacles composing the subcommunity. The majority of taxa identified in the shell deposit are boreal and sub-Arctic species; however, temperate species that exist today in the St. Lawrence maritime estuary have not been found. Based on marine invertebrate diversity and δ18O(CaCO3) of Mytilus edulis, the water in the shallow inlet of the Goldthwait Sea must have been cold and saline. The range of AMS 14C ages from 15 Mytilus edulis, constrained to 10,900 and 10,690 cal. yr BP, and exceptional state of preservation of adult and juvenile molluscan specimens suggest the abrupt mortality of entire invertebrate communities due to changing hydrodynamic conditions that included the combined effect of freshwater discharge from the receding Laurentide Ice Sheet and rapid isostatic uplift.

scholarly journals Larval Diet Abundance Influences Size and Composition of the Midgut Microbiota of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah J. MacLeod ◽  
George Dimopoulos ◽  
Sarah M. Short
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

The midgut microbiota of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti impacts pathogen susceptibility and transmission by this important vector species. However, factors influencing the composition and size of the microbiome in mosquitoes are poorly understood. We investigated the impact of larval diet abundance during development on the composition and size of the larval and adult microbiota by rearing Aedes aegypti under four larval food regimens, ranging from nutrient deprivation to nutrient excess. We assessed the persistent impacts of larval diet availability on the microbiota of the larval breeding water, larval mosquitoes, and adult mosquitoes under sugar and blood fed conditions using qPCR and high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing to determine bacterial load and microbiota composition. Bacterial loads in breeding water increased with increasing larval diet. Larvae reared with the lowest diet abundance had significantly fewer bacteria than larvae from two higher diet treatments, but not from the highest diet abundance. Adults from the lowest diet abundance treatment had significantly fewer bacteria in their midguts compared to all higher diet abundance treatments. Larval diet amount also had a significant impact on microbiota composition, primarily within larval breeding water and larvae. Increasing diet correlated with increased relative levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae and decreased relative levels of Sphingomonadaceae. Multiple individual OTUs were significantly impacted by diet including one mapping to the genus Cedecea, which increased with higher diet amounts. This was consistent across all sample types, including sugar fed and blood fed adults. Taken together, these data suggest that availability of diet during development can cause lasting shifts in the size and composition of the microbiota in the disease vector Aedes aegypti.

Reefs as the Centralizing Theme in an Undergraduate Invertebrate Paleontology Course

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 21-42
Author(s):  
Constance M. Soja
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Field Trip ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Paleontological Data ◽  
San Salvador ◽  
Invertebrate Paleontology ◽  
The Impact

This course is designed so that topics in invertebrate paleontology are discussed in the context of reefs and their change through time. The goal is to help undergraduate students connect modern conservation issues with an enlightened appreciation of the fossil record. Using reefs as the centralizing theme of the course allows key concepts (invertebrate taxonomy and systematics, form and function, evolution, etc.) to be emphasized while exploring the importance of biogenic buildups—and communities that inhabited ecosystems adjacent to those “engines of evolution”—from the past to the present. Students who satisfactorily complete the course achieve seven main learning objectives: They 1) are intimately familiar with the fossil record of marine invertebrate life; 2) understand the evolutionary history of reefs and the ecological roles played by key reef-building invertebrates through time; 3) are able to engage in discussions about paleontological data published in the primary literature; 4) are knowledgeable about the value of paleontological evidence for shedding insights into the decline of ancient and living reefs; 5) gain experience working collaboratively and thinking outside-of-the-box to explore solutions to societal problems linked with the degradation of modern coral reefs; 6) improve scientific writing; and 7) develop a personal style for communicating scientific information to the general public. During classroom discussions, laboratories, a field trip, and museum visit, students explore the anatomy, ecology, evolutionary history, and life-sustaining ecosystem services of shelly animals and associated marine organisms that coexisted in reefs and adjacent habitats past and present. Evolutionary events, including the Cambrian “explosion,” mass extinctions, and gaps in reef existence, are linked to dramatic physical (tectonic) and climatic changes that occurred in Earth's past. Emphasizing evidence for the impact of global change on ancient reef communities alerts students to the value of paleontological data for predicting how modern reefs—and invertebrates living in interconnected marine ecosystems—will respond as the Sixth Extinction gains traction. That topic is the focus of an optional extended study (nine-day field trip offered in alternate years during spring break) of modern and Pleistocene reefs on San Salvador Island, Bahamas.

IMPACT RESILIENCE: ECOLOGICAL RECOVERY OF A CARBONATE FACTORY IN THE WAKE OF THE LATE DEVONIAN IMPACT EVENT

Palaios ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN E. RENDALL ◽  
LEIF TAPANILA
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Ecological Resilience ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Impact Event ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Alamo ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Conformable limestone deposits bracketing the Alamo breccia (Late Devonian, Nevada) provide a robust dataset for comparisons of depositional environments and marine communities before and after a significant meteor impact. Rank abundances of more than 3000 faunal identifications from 158 sampling localities cluster in three major faunal groups that are arranged in an onshore-offshore lithofacies gradient. Comparison of faunal clusters before and after the impact show little to no dissimilarity. The recovery of marine invertebrate communities following the Alamo impact event was geologically instantaneous. Broad geographic ranges of the fauna may have contributed to ecological resilience. From a geologic perspective, marine communities appear to rebound quickly and fully following meteor impacts, leaving impact-related extinctions as outliers that correspond only to the largest impacts.

scholarly journals Oviposition by Spodoptera exigua on Solanum dulcamara Alters the Plant’s Response to Herbivory and Impairs Larval Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Geuss ◽  
Tobias Lortzing ◽  
Jens Schwachtje ◽  
Joachim Kopka ◽  
Anke Steppuhn
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Solanum Dulcamara ◽  
The Impact

Plant resistance traits against insect herbivores are extremely plastic. Plants respond not only to the herbivory itself, but also to oviposition by herbivorous insects. How prior oviposition affects plant responses to larval herbivory is largely unknown. Combining bioassays and defense protein activity assays with microarray analyses and metabolite profiling, we investigated the impact of preceding oviposition on the interaction of Solanum dulcamara with the generalist lepidopteran herbivore Spodoptera exigua at the levels of the plant’s resistance, transcriptome and metabolome. We found that oviposition increased plant resistance to the subsequent feeding larvae. While constitutive and feeding-induced levels of defensive protease inhibitor activity remained unaffected, pre-exposure to eggs altered S. dulcamara’s transcriptional and metabolic response to larval feeding in leaves local and systemic to oviposition. In particular, genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism were more strongly expressed in previously oviposited plants, which was reflected by reciprocal changes of primary metabolites upstream and within these pathways. Our data highlight that plants integrate signals from non-threatening life stages of their natural enemies to optimize their response when they become actually attacked. The observed transcriptional and metabolic reshaping of S. dulcamara’s response to S. exigua herbivory suggests a role of phenylpropanoids in oviposition-primed plant resistance.

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