scholarly journals The Impacts Of The Great Depression 1929-33 On Hungary’s Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Endre Domonkos
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Important Trade Partner

The Great Depression of 1929-33 had serious consequences on Hungary’s economy. The Central and Eastern European countries, including Hungary were hit severely by the downturn of the wholesale prices as regards of agricultural products in international markets. Besides declining prices another major problem was that the industrialised countries introduced protectionist measures (customs duties and quotas). As a result of this process, market opportunities were constrained and later ceased to exist. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that the unfavourable gap between agrarian and industrial prices further widened in the 1920s. Although the crisis started to emerge in the agriculture, its effects were extended to the industry as well. Due to the lack of safe markets, heavy industrial branches declined sharply, whereas the volume of output fell modest in the light industry. The bankruptcy of the Austrian Credit Anstalt on 12th Mai 1931 adversely affected Hungary’s financial system. In order to overcome the difficulties, banking holiday was ordered by the government, which coupled with the suspension of all payments and the introduction of foreign exchange control. Foreign trade has changed significantly. In 1937, the share of Hungary’s export in Germany’s trade was 42 percent, which increased to more than 50 percent after the Anschluss. Thus, at the end of the 1930s, the Third Reich became the most important trade partner of Hungary. Thanks to favourable external conditions accompanied by the rearmament programme of Nazi Germany and state intervention, the performance of the Hungarian economy improved, and by 1937 it surpassed the pre-depression level. The Győr Programme, announced on 12th March 1938 with its military and infrastructural development contributed to the economic boom, which had positive impacts both in the heavy and light industrial branches.

Seeing Hitler's Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich. By Kristin Semmens. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. Pp. xiv+263. $74.95. ISBN 1-4039-3914-4.

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-327
Author(s):  
Peter Fritzsche
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Overnight Stay ◽  
Labor Service ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Way ◽  
Hitler Youth

Between the two world wars, Germany was on the move. The slowdown of the Great Depression notwithstanding, more and more Germans took vacations and enjoyed weekend adventures, and when they traveled, they did so to destinations farther and farther away from home. Along the way, they filled up trains, hotels, and youth hostels. And it was very much Germany that Germans wanted to explore, following as they did quite explicit itineraries of the idealized nation. “Seeing Germany,” as Kristin Semmens puts it, was a way of possessing and occupying Germany. This was quite deliberately the case for the hundreds of thousands of visitors who took special trains to Stahlhelm marches, Reichsbanner demonstrations, and, later in the 1930s, the Nuremberg party rallies, for which more than 700 special trains were pressed into service in 1938. “Seeing Germany” was also at the heart of the new tourist practices the Nazis created: the camp experiences of the Hitler Youth and the rural outposts of the Reich Labor Service. Patriotism required an overnight stay.

Krieg auf Kosten anderer. Wehrmachtfinanzierung in Griechenland während des Zweiten Weltkriegs / War at the Expence of Others Financing the „Wehrmacht“ in Greece during the Second World War

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-59
Author(s):  
Jürgen Kilian
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ww Ii ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

Abstract After Greece had been conquered by the troops of the Axis Powers in spring 1941, they installed a rule of occupation existing until october 1944. The Government in Athens had to finance this occupation by making payments in advance and besides, making a forced credit available. This method led to an exorbitant overloading of the Greek economy and to a galloping inflation. The German Tax and Finance Ministry played an important, yet hardly noticed role as to the concrete implementation of the monetary exploitation. Almost unknown documents throw a light on the financing of the German Wehrmacht during WW II. Besides, the real burden on the Greek economy shall be estimated and connected with the general questions of war financing in the Third Reich.

The Oil Industry in Nazi Germany, 1936–1945

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond G. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Oil Industry ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Politics And Government ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Eventual Collapse

The oil industry in Nazi Germany provides an excellent focus for studying the interplay between economics, politics, and government policy in the Third Reich. In this article, Mr. Stokes brings to this subject a comparative approach, making comparisons both within the oil industry and with the industry's major industrial counterparts. He concludes that a variety of factors—including the degree of shared interest between individual firms and the government, the size and concentration of a firm's production facilities, and the political position of key firm personnel—explain the success as well as the eventual collapse of a given industrial sector.

Modern Dance in the Third Reich, Redux

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Manning
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Modern Dance ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
National Socialists ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Modern Dancers ◽  
New Research

This chapter reviews the literature on modern dance in Germany under National Socialism (1933–1945). In the current consensus, three interrelated explanations are advanced for why so many modern dancers collaborated with the National Socialists: shared roots in the life reform and physical culture movement at the turn of the twentieth century; crises during the Weimar Republic that culminated in the Great Depression; and the changing cultural policy of Goebbels’s Cultural Ministry. This chapter probes varied interpretations of how and why Mary Wigman, Rudolf Laban, and other modern dancers adapted their mode of Ausdruckstanz as Deutscher Tanz (“German dance”) and poses new research questions. The complex question of modern dance in the Third Reich is viewed in relation to changing historiographic models for understanding Germany between the two world wars.

Existential provisions: The technopolitics of public infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Folkers
Keyword(s):  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Critical Infrastructure Protection ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Mobilization

The paper provides a technopolitical analysis of public infrastructure by attending to the ways large technical systems became a political problem and how the development of infrastructure has inflected biopower, territoriality and security. It seeks to deepen the historical understanding of technopolitics by exploring the concept of Daseinsvorsorge (existential provision), which served as a crucial framework guiding public infrastructure provisions in Germany. Daseinsvorsorge provides a particularly revealing lens through which to examine questions of technopolitics, since it makes it possible to illuminate the dis/continuities in the government of infrastructure between three distinct political regimes: Nazi Germany, the post-war Federal Republic and contemporary Germany. The concept first became operative in post-war Germany, but it had emerged during the Third Reich in the work of Carl Schmitt’s disciple Ernst Forsthoff. Forsthoff identified steps towards Daseinsvorsorge in Nazi infrastructure planning, which was part and parcel of war mobilization, and borrowed tropes from the geopolitical imaginary of Nazi Germany like Lebensraum. After the war, Daseinsvorsorge aimed at establishing equal living conditions within Germany. With European integration and the privatization of infrastructure, the norms and forms of Daseinsvorsorge eroded without vanishing, since they surface in modified ways in EU guidelines and in critical infrastructure protection.

El cooperativismo y la industria chiclera en la época posrevolucionaria

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-65
Author(s):  
Ei Kawakami
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Cooperative System ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

A finales de la década de 1920 el gobierno del territorio federal de Quintana Roo intentó introducir el sistema de cooperativas en la industria del chicle, que estaba controlada por las compañías estadounidenses productoras del chewing gum y los contratistas, intermediarios entre las compañías y los trabajadores chicleros. Pero el proyecto fracasó debido a una variedad de factores como la influencia de la Gran Depresión, el boicot por parte de las compañías estadounidenses, la competencia del chicle con otras materias primas, la corrupción e ineficiencia en el gobierno o la distancia entre los gobiernos central y local. In the late 1920s the government of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo introduced the cooperative system in the chicle industry, which was controlled by U.S. chewing-gum companies and its contratistas, intermediaries between the companies and the chicle producers. However, the project ended in failure, because of various factors, including the impact of the Great Depression, U.S. companies’ boycott, the competition between chicle and other raw materials for chewing-gum, the corruption and inefficiencies in the government, or the discord between the local and federal governments.

scholarly journals John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath As a Naturalistic Novel

2018 ◽  
Vol 216 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Assist. Instr. Ansam Muthanna
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hostile Environment ◽  
Farm Families ◽  
Farm Family ◽  
Grapes Of Wrath ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Government

      John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath(1939) exposes the desperate conditions that surrounded the migratory farm families in America during the year of the Great Depression from the Naturalistic point of view. It combines his adoration of the land and his simple hatred of the corruption resulting from Materialism and his faith in common to overcome his hostile environment. It attempts to present the problem of the workers of the lower classes, and exposes the unusual family, conditions under which the Joads, the migratory farm family, was forced to live during these years. The progress the government intended to spread on the Oklahoma fields and ranches sheltered families a part and reduced the migrants to beggars suffering from deprivation and hunger. His California novels attack the counterfeited image of paradise that people held when they set their migration to California.

Breaking Mr. Nelson in the Great Depression (1931–1932)

Tautai ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

After the Black Saturday massacre and the limited repercussions for the New Zealand government as a result, the government stepped up its assault on Ta’isi who was outside the reach of new draconian laws in Sāmoa that criminalized almost every aspect of life and cultural practice. Rather than pursue Ta’isi, they pursued his firm that was put on trial for aiding and abetting a seditious organization. The chapter investigates the course of events around this trial and the impact it had on Ta’isi and his company that was already suffering enormously due to the Great Depression. It also explores attempts to prevent Ta’isi’s return to Sāmoa, the threat of a repetition of the Black Saturday massacre if he did return and the drastic impact this situation had on his family.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document