Aeromedical Implications of Long-Term COVID-19 Sequelae

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 898-907
Author(s):  
Samuel Ying Ko ◽  
Nathan Khac Nguyen ◽  
Christine Lorraine Lee ◽  
Lysette Alexis Lee ◽  
Katherine Uyen Thao Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Centrifuge Testing ◽  
Body Organ ◽  
Aircraft Type

BACKGROUND: While many COVID-19 studies focus on acute effects of the infection, few examine the intermediate and long-term sequelae of the illness. Studies have shown that a good portion of patients have chronic effects in several body systems for several months or longer. Such effects can potentially adversely impact pilot performance in flight. We sought to determine the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection, how such effects can affect pilot performance, and how to best evaluate pilots for aeromedical flight clearance.METHODS: We used the PubMed literature search engine to review peer-reviewed articles that focused on the intermediate and long-term effects of COVID-19 infection. Chronic signs and symptoms were subdivided based on the particular body organ system affected. Merging information obtained from case reviews, article reviews, and aeromedical standards, we created a risk stratification guide to assist with the aeromedical disposition of affected pilots.RESULTS: Long-term effects of COVID-19 infection can last for several months or longer. The most common effects are fatigue, weakness, pulmonary diffusion defects, depression, and anxiety.DISCUSSION: This review article focuses on the most common intermediate- and long-term COVID-19 conditions of aeromedical significance and the corresponding course of actions recommended for the aeromedical examiner. Aeromedical evaluation should take into consideration factors related to the pilot, aircraft type, and specific aviation environment. Such evaluation may include diagnostic testing, medical specialist consultation, preflight simulation in an altitude chamber, human centrifuge testing, and/or a flight simulator checkride.Ko SY, Nguyen NK, Lee CL, Lee LA, Nguyen KUT, Lee EC. Aeromedical implications of long-term COVID-19 sequelae. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(11):898-907.

scholarly journals Effects of nutritional status and acute variation in substrate supply on cardiac and skeletal-muscle fructose 2,6-bisphosphate concentrations

1988 ◽  
Vol 250 (3) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J French ◽  
M J Holness ◽  
P A MacLennan ◽  
M C Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Substrate Supply ◽  
Lipid Substrate

We examined the long-term effects of nutritional status and the acute effects of changes in exogenous carbohydrate- and lipid-substrate supply and utilization on fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2) concentrations in heart, gastrocnemius and soleus. Starvation decreased Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations in all three muscles. The acute administration of insulin and glucose increased skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 in the fed, but not in the starved, state, but cardiac Fru-2,6-P2 was unchanged. Cardiac and skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations were unaffected by acute increases in fatty acid supply produced by the administration of corn oil plus heparin, or by acute decreases in fatty acid supply produced by inhibition of lipolysis. Differences in cardiac and skeletal-muscle Fru-2,6-P2 concentrations observed in response to starvation were not reversed by administration of glucose or glucose plus insulin, or by inhibition of lipolysis, even though changes in citrate (heart), acylcarnitine (heart) and glycogen (skeletal muscle) were observed. Concentrations remained low for at least 8 h after chow re-feeding, but the fed value was restored by 24 h.

scholarly journals Acute action of DSP-4 on central norepinephrine axons: biochemical and immunohistochemical evidence for differential effects.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1435-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Grzanna ◽  
U Berger ◽  
J M Fritschy ◽  
M Geffard
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Selective Vulnerability ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Immunohistochemical Evidence ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

Previous immunohistochemical studies of the long-term effects of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 have demonstrated a remarkably selective vulnerability of norepinephrine (NE) axons of the locus coeruleus (LC). NE axons originating in non-LC NE neurons appear to be largely resistant to the neurotoxic action of DSP-4. We conducted this study to evaluate the acute effects of DSP-4 on NE axons in four different brain regions: cerebral cortex, cerebellum, ventral forebrain, and hypothalamus. NE levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 6 and 24 hr and 14 days after DSP-4 administration. NE axons in these brain regions were visualized in brain sections at 6 and 24 hr after drug treatment, using a specific antiserum to NE. HPLC assays revealed profound reductions of NE levels in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, but only minor decreases in ventral forebrain and hypothalamus. NE immunohistochemistry showed dramatic differences in the acute effects of DSP-4 on NE axon staining: nearly complete loss of staining in cortex and cerebellum, in contrast to an almost unchanged staining pattern in ventral forebrain and hypothalamus. This study demonstrates that NE immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool to assess the acute effects of DSP-4 on NE axons in different brain regions. The results provide the first direct evidence that NE axons are not uniformly acted on by DSP-4 and suggest that the acute effects of DSP-4 are restricted to LC axons.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection: an umbrella review

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samad Shams Vahdati ◽  
Alireza Ala ◽  
Dara Rahmanpour ◽  
Elyar Sadeghi-Hokmabadi ◽  
Fateme Tahmasbi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Research Priority ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Great Heterogeneity ◽  
Comprehensive Search

Abstract Background Neurological involvements of COVID-19 are one of the most reported manifestations of this infection. This study aims to systematically review the previous systematic reviews which addressed the neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 infection. Methods Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science databases and Google Scholar from December 2019 to December 2020. Articles were critically screened by two independent reviewers and if met the inclusion criteria, entered the study. Assessment of methodological quality was conducted by Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) tool. Statistical analysis was not applicable. From a total of 1302 studies, 308 studies were removed due to their irrelevant title and abstract. After screening the full texts, a total of 66 found to be eligible. Twenty-one studies reported general manifestations of the COVID-19, 13 studies reported cerebrovascular events, 19 olfactory and oral dysfunctions, 5 systematic reviews on Guillen–Barré syndrome (GBS) and 8 articles on the sporadic manifestations like ocular signs and symptoms. The majority of the studies were classified as critically low or low in terms of quality. Conclusion Despite great heterogeneity in the current literature, neurological involvements are an important extra-pulmonary aspect of the COVID-19; most commonly in the form of general manifestations like headache and olfactory disturbances. Long-term effects of this virus on the nervous system must be a research priority for future references.

scholarly journals Penyuluhan dan Deteksi Dini Anemia menuju Generasi Berkualitas pada Mahasiswa Kebidanan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Marlynda Happy Nurmalita Sari ◽  
Dina Dewi Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adolescent Learning ◽  
Diploma Program

Background: The prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls in Indonesia is still high at 57.1%. As a result of anemia is adolescent learning achievement can decrease, work productivity decreases and body immunity decreases so that the body is easily infected. Long-term effects of anemia in adolescent girls can occur complications of pregnancy and even the risk of maternal and perinatal death. Purpose of this studi is provide counseling and early detection of anemia to Midwifery students as an effort to make them aware in preventing and overcoming anemia. Methods: The target of this activity is 132 students of the Blora Midwifery Diploma Program. This activity is carried out by providing information or knowledge in the form of counseling to students about anemia and followed by history and physical examination. Only students who showed signs and symptoms of anemia who were tested for HB levels were 30 students. Results: Early detection of 30 students there were 53.3% who were not anemic and 46.7% were anemic. Most of the students' menstruation period is 6-7 days which is 73.3%. While the results of counseling some students already understand about anemia. Conclusion: Of the 132 students only 30 showed signs and symptoms of anemia. Hb examination results are almost the same between respondents who are anemic and not anemic. It is hoped that the results of community service activities can be used as an illustration of the incidence of anemia in Midwifery students so that efforts can be made to prevent and manage anemia. Provide motivation and awareness to students to consume nutritious and iron-containing foods or to consume extra blood tablets.

FATE AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL ON AN ESTUARINE POND

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia S. Lytle
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Salt Marsh Plants ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Benthic Animals

ABSTRACT Crude oil spilled in an estuarine marine environment caused short term, acute effects on salt marsh plants. Drastic changes in both diversity and numbers in the fish population were observed immediately after the spill. Initially zooplankton populations dropped, accompanied by phytoplankton blooms. As the oil dissipated, the zooplankton population increased rapidly. Long-term effects on fauna and flora were being studied. Migration of the oil via benthic animals and tidal percolations was observed as much as 42 cm beneath the sediment surface. The sediments acted as an organic sink preserving the crude oil. Gas chromatographic analyses of sediment core sections indicate slow degradation of the crude oil with loss only of the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons after twelve months.

A review of the effects of different marking and tagging techniques on marine mammals

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Walker ◽  
Andrew W. Trites ◽  
Martin Haulena ◽  
Daniel M. Weary
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Research

Wildlife research often requires marking and tagging animals to collect data on survival, reproduction, movement, behaviour and physiology. Identification of individual marine mammals can be carried out using tags, brands, paint, dye, photogrammetry, telemetry and other techniques. An analysis of peer-reviewed articles published from January 1980 to April 2011 addressing the effects of marking revealed a preponderance of studies focussed on short-term effects such as injuries and behavioural changes. Some marking techniques were reported to cause pain and to change swimming and haul-out behaviour, maternal attendance, and duration of foraging trips. However, marking has typically not been found to affect survival. No published research has addressed other possible long-term effects of marking related to injuries or pain responses. Studies of the more immediate effects of marking (mostly related to externally attached devices such as radio-transmitters) have shown a variety of different types and magnitudes of responses. It is important to note that studies failing to find treament differences are less likely to be published, meaning that the present and any other reviews based on published literature may be a biased sample of all research conducted on the topic. Publishing results that found no or low impacts (i.e. best practices) as well as those that found significant impacts on animals should both be encouraged. Future research under more controlled conditions is required to document acute effects of marking, including injury and pain, and to better understand longer-term effects on health, reproduction and survival. We recommend that studies using marked animals standardise their reports, with added detail on methodology, monitoring and sampling design, and address practices used to minimise the impact of marking on marine mammals.

Long term effects of abuse in early life on depression and anxiety over the life course

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. e28
Author(s):  
Jutta Lindert ◽  
Ondine von Ehrenstein ◽  
Marc Weisskopf
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Life Course

scholarly journals Prenatal Cannabinoid Exposure: Emerging Evidence of Physiological and Neuropsychiatric Abnormalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina G. Nashed ◽  
Daniel B. Hardy ◽  
Steven R. Laviolette
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Social

Clinical reports of cannabis use prevalence during pregnancy vary widely from 3% to upwards of 35% in North America; this disparity likely owing to underestimates from self-reporting in many cases. The rise in cannabis use is mirrored by increasing global legalization and the overall perceptions of safety, even during pregnancy. These trends are further compounded by a lack of evidence-based policy and guidelines for prenatal cannabis use, which has led to inconsistent messaging by healthcare providers and medically licensed cannabis dispensaries regarding prenatal cannabis use for treatment of symptoms, such as nausea. Additionally, the use of cannabis to self-medicate depression and anxiety during pregnancy is a growing medical concern. This review aims to summarize recent findings of clinical and preclinical data on neonatal outcomes, as well as long-term physiological and neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal cannabis exposure. Although many of the outcomes under investigation have produced mixed results, we consider these data in light of the unique challenges facing cannabis research. In particular, the limited longitudinal clinical studies available have not previously accounted for the exponential increase in (-)-Δ9– tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9–THC; the psychoactive compound in cannabis) concentrations found in cannabis over the past two decades. Polydrug use and the long-term effects of individual cannabis constituents [Δ9–THC vs. cannabidiol (CBD)] are also understudied, along with sex-dependent outcomes. Despite these limitations, prenatal cannabis exposure has been linked to low birth weight, and emerging evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to Δ9–THC, which crosses the placenta and impacts placental development, may have wide-ranging physiological and neurodevelopmental consequences. The long-term effects of these changes require more rigorous investigation, though early reports suggest Δ9–THC increases the risk of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disease, including psychosis, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. In light of the current trends in the perception and use of cannabis during pregnancy, we emphasize the social and medical imperative for more rigorous investigation of the long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure.

scholarly journals Acute effects of an anionic diet on bone mineral homeostasis in the bovine

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Beighle ◽  
P.A. Boyazoglu ◽  
R.W. Hemken
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

ABSTRACT Fifteen Friesian oxen between 12 and 18 months of age with a mean body mass of 240.7 kg were randomly assigned to diets containing 0.25 % phosphorus (P) or less, to evaluate the acute effects of an acidiogenic diet of -11.1 meq/100 g of diet dry matter, compared with a basiogenic diet of +25.6 meq/100 g or a control diet of +16.5 meq/100 g of diet dry matter calculated as (Na + K) - (Cl + S), on blood, bone and faecal P, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) for a period of 9 weeks. Blood, bone and faecal responses to an anionic diet are described. An inverse relationship existed between bone and blood Ca, in which there was resorption from bone with increased blood Ca in response to the anionic diet. The anionic treatment group demonstrated simultaneous increases in bone, blood and faecal P concentrations at various stages of the experiment compared to the cationic and control treatment groups. Results indicate independent absorption and resorption of Ca and P into and out of bone. There was wide variation in the bone Ca:P ratio between 2.02 and 1.51 among animals fed the anionic diet, with the Ca:P ratio following Ca values and not bone P values. Bone and blood P had a linear relationship with dietary cation:anion balance (DCAB), increasing as the diet became more anionic in nature, but faecal P was curvilinear with highest concentrations at -11.1 and +25.6 meq/100 g compared to +16.5 meq/100 g. Concurrent blood, bone and faecal P increases at some stages of the experiment indicate a P-sparing effect of the anionic diet and warrants further research into the long-term effects of anions in the diet, leading to their use as a possible addition to improved licks in P-deficient areas.

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