PERFORMANCE OF SUBTERRANEAN AND WHITE CLOVER VARIETIES IN DRY HILL COUNTRY

1986 ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Chapman ◽  
G.W. Sheath ◽  
M.J. Macfarlane ◽  
P.J. Rumball ◽  
B.M.Cooper G. Crouchley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Country Selection ◽  
Firm Selection

Nine subterranean clover cultivars and 10 white clover varieties, differing in characters such as morphology and flowering date (sub clover), or growth habit and seeding ability (white clover), where evaluated for persistence and production at 8 summer-dry hill country sites. Results for the first 3-4 years suggest the sub clovers on the New Zealand Acceptable Herbage Cultivars List (Mt Barker, Tallarook, Woogenellup, Glare) should be revised. Regeneration of Woogenellup and Glare was consistently poor, while Tallarook performed well at most sites. The current unavailability of Tallarook seed means Mt Barker is the only effechve option for grasslands in most of New Zealand. Cultivars of the sub clover subspecies yanmnicum (Larisa, Trikkala) showed promise for winter~wet, summer dry environments, as did Nangeela in winter-cold environments. A late-flowering, prostrate, low oestrogenic sub clover similar to Tallarook would be well suited to large areas of summer-dry hill country. There is a clear need for a white clover cultivar adapted to summer-dry hill country as none of the varieties tested survived severe moisture stress at 2 sites (Hawke's Bay, North Canterbury), and none performed consistently well at the other sites. New Zealand vaneties (Hula, Pitau, G18 and a hill country selection) showed best persistence and production. The overseas cultivars Haifa, Tamar, Louisiana and Clarence Valley, which are all adapted to dry conditions in their country of origin, were consistently poor. Firm selection criteria for dry hill country were not identified, though stolen density and seeding ability should be incorporated and the strong influence of management and soil fertility on genotype performance must be recognised. Keywords: subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), hill country, dryland, cultivars, persistence, genotype-environmental interaction.

Diversified pastures at the front line of climate change in Northland: farmers experiences, new directions and wider implications for other parts of the country

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran McCahon ◽  
Allister McCahon ◽  
Gavin Ussher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Right

The persistence of both perennial ryegrass and white clover is challenged under summer-dry conditions. Future climate change projections indicate greater incidence and severity of summer moisture stress for many regions in New Zealand, and therefore, greater pressure on our traditional pasture base. The ‘Northland Diversified Forages Project’ aimed to identify alternative pasture species that provide an advantage in terms of dry matter yield, quality and/or timing of growth within a summer-dry environment, with a particular focus on legumes. A series of mown-plot trial and paddock demonstrations were established across a range of soil types to assess the potential of a wide variety of forage species. Perennial ryegrass and white clover both failed to persist, comprising less than 25% of the sward within 3 years of establishment. Cocksfoot demonstrated potential as a more persistent alternative to perennial ryegrass. However, whilst a range of legumes were successful at increasing the proportion of legume in the sward and total yield in the first year, significant challenges were identified in maintaining functional legumes across multiple years. This raises questions around whether we currently have the right species in New Zealand to adapt to a changing climate.

PERFORMANCE OF A HILL COUNTRY WHITE CLOVER SELECTION

1982 ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M. Williams ◽  
M.G. Lambert ◽  
J.R. Caradus
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Country Selection ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Release Testing

A white clover variety selected for New Zealand moist hill country was compared with three other white clover varieties in hill country at Ballantrae. Small plots of the hill country selection, Grasslands Huia, Grasslands Pitau, and the resident Ballantrae white clover were planted into paddocks receiving high or low superphosphate applications and three different managements - rotational grazing by cattle, rotational grazing by sheep, or set-stocked sheep for most of the year. Numbers of white clover stolons, white clover dry matter (DM) and total DM production, and proportion of white clover in cut herbage were determined twice yearly for three years. After one year of grazing the hill country selection consistently had approximately double the stolon numbers of Huia, a significantly higher proportion of clover in the herbage than Huia and clover DM yields 25-63% higher than Huia. These differences were not affected significantly by either management or soil fertility. Pitau and the local Ballantrae white clover were at no time more productive than Huia and frequently were poorer, although stolen numbers of the Ballantrae clover were usually higher during the trial and almost matched the selected variety after three years. The hill country selection is being multiplied for pre-release testing.

scholarly journals OVERSOWN GRASSES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ON SOUTHLAND HILL COUNTRY

1985 ◽  
pp. 199-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cd Meurk ◽  
J.D. Turner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Pasture Yield

Infertile hill country grasslands are a vastly under-utilised pastoral resource in New Zealand. Three years of trial results on this class of land in eastern Southland are summarised. Five grasses (Grasslands Nui ryegrass, Wana cocksfoot, Matua prairie grass, Roa tall fescue and Maru phalaris) were oversown together with Huia white clover and subterranean clover. These were compared with a resident pasture, all under two fertility levels and two rotational grazing managements, and with unimproved pasture. The use of fertiliser and rotational grazing doubled the productivity of the unimproved rangeland to ca. 10,500 kg DMlhalyear. The addition of white clover increased yield to 12,000 kg, and improved grasses increased this further to 14,000 kg. Keywords: agronomy, fertiliser, grasses, grazing management, hill country, oversowing, pasture composition, pasture yield.

scholarly journals Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum): its history and current and future research in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
M.L. Smetham
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Research Directions

This review covers the history of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and its present occurrence in New Zealand; a review of research and conclusions to be drawn from this; and examines past and future research directions. Subterranean clover has been important in terms of area of use in New Zealand since the late 1930's. Today it makes a significant contribution to pasture production on steep, north-facing North Island hill country where effective rainfall is low, and in other areas where soil moisture drops below wilting point for between 2 weeks and 5 months of the year. Research has identified the superiority of cultivars possessing a compact, ground-hugging habit of growth, and flowering late, in late October - early November, for use in North Island hill country. In drier areas, more research is needed to identify superior cultivars, although there is evidence that lines in the mid-season or early mid-season flowering groups may be appropriate. A major problem for the use of subterranean clovers in New Zealand is the slow breakdown of hardseededness. About 7 M ha of land in New Zealand is mapped as being subject to slight to severe moisture deficit (an area which could with advantage support subterranean clover), but further research is needed to identify appropriate cultivars for 4.8 M ha or more of this area. Key words: history, New Zealand, research, Trifolium subterraneum

Quantifying the value proposition for white clover persistence on a New Zealand summer-dry hill-country farm

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
Mike B. Dodd ◽  
Katherine N. Tozer ◽  
Iris Vogeler ◽  
Rose Greenfield ◽  
David R. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
The North ◽  
Farm System

The improvement in forage quality and quantity of summer-dry hill country pasture resulting from the introduction of clover is well recognised. However, ensuring the persistence of the commonly availablecultivars is challenging, in the face of seasonal moisture stress, intensive grazing, competition from established well-adapted pasture species, low soil fertility and low soil pH – conditions typical of the East Coast of the North Island. Here we quantify the value proposition associated with the introduction of white clover into a case study on a Gisborne sheep and beef farm, using a six-step process. A topographically explicit approach is taken, using an understanding of the underlying spatial variability, based on a combination of soil and pasture measurements, APSIM simulation modelling of pasture growth and farm system modelling of enterprise performance. We show that from a baseline of a typical low-fertility, diverse species hill country pasture, white clover introduction can increase spring and summer forage consumption by 17%, enabling inclusion of an additional 6-month bull finishing enterprise generating a 32% greater carcass weight production and leading to a 49% improvement in farm system EBIT. This represents a positive net present value of over $360,000 for the original investment in white clover establishment into existing pastures.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

scholarly journals Caucasian clover was more productive than white clover in grass mixtures under drought conditions

2000 ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Black ◽  
R.J. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Schedonorus Phoenix

This experiment compared the productivity of caucasian or white clover when established with five perennial grass species over 6 years in a dry lowland environment. Hexaploid 'Endura' caucasian clover or 'Grasslands Demand' white clover were sown in December 1994 with high endophyte 'Yatsyn' perennial ryegrass, 'Grasslands Wana' cocksfoot, 'Grasslands Advance' tall fescue, 'Grasslands Gala' grazing brome, or 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris into a deep, fertile silt loam. Initial establishment of clovers was poor with ryegrass and grazing brome. Some volunteer white clover established in all 10 treatments. After the first 14 months, no irrigation was applied over the following 4 years. Sheep grazed plots about six times each year. The legume cover in 15-month-old pastures was higher when sown with white clover (29%) than caucasian clover (21%) but dry conditions during 1997/1998 (60% of 680 mm mean annual rainfall) and 1998/1999 (66% of mean rainfall) decreased the percentage of legume in white clover pastures. In February 1998 and March 1999, legume contributed 37% and 21% of the dry matter (DM) in caucasian clover pastures, but only 4% and 1% in pastures sown with white clover. Rainfall during the sixth season (1999/2000) was more favourable (111% of mean rainfall). Total DM production from July 1999 to June 2000 was 10.0 t DM/ha from caucasian clover pastures and 8.7 t DM/ha from pastures sown with white clover. The mean proportion of legume in white clover pastures ranged from 9% when sown with ryegrass and phalaris to 1% with cocksfoot. In contrast, mean caucasian clover legume contents were similar across all grass treatments at 20%, but reached 46% with cocksfoot during summer. It was concluded that caucasian clover is more tolerant of summer moisture stress than white clover when in association with perennial grass species. Keywords: botanical composition, Bromus stamineus, Dactylis glomerata, legume content, Lolium perenne, moisture stress, pasture production, Phalaris aquatica, Schedonorus phoenix syn. Festuca arundinacea, Trifolium ambiguum, T. repens

Varietal reaction and genetic resistance of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to subterranean clover stunt virus infection

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Grylls ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
The Mediterranean

Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus was explored in 390 strains and named varieties of subterranean clover from the Mediterranean regions, England, France, the Iberian peninsula, New Zealand, and Australia. High levels of genetic resistance were shown in the Australian varieties Tallarook, Hill's Small, and Bass B. Resistance of a selected group of F2's was found to be midway between that of the parents. In selected groups of F4 generation hybrids, and in selected second and third generation backcrosses, resistance equal to that of Tallarook was shown. The apparent recovery of some plants during tests in the glass-house was shown to be a form of temporary tolerance to the virus.

Effects of pH and aluminium on the growth of temperate pasture species. II. Growth and nodulation of legumes

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
FPC Blamey ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus

Ten temperate pasture legumes inoculated with appropriate rhizobia were grown for 31 days in flowing solution culture. Solution ionic strength was approximately 2700 8M and contained inorganic nitrogen (150 , 8M NO3-) only at the commencement of the experiment. Solution pH was maintained at 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0. Also, five aluminium (Al) treatments were imposed, with nominal Al concentrations of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 8M (2.5, 7.1, 8.3, 11.2 and 24.7 8M Al measured) at pH 4.5. Solution pH <6 . 0 markedly reduced total dry mass (TDM) in all cultivars of white clover (Trifolium repens) cvv. 'Grasslands Pitau, Huia, G18 and Tahora' and red clover (Trifolium pratense) cvv. 'Grassland Turoa and Pawera', and to a lesser extent in the two subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cvv. 'Tallarook and Woogenellup'. In contrast, solution pH had no effect on the growth of Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland, while Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best at pH 4.5. Lotus pedunculatus cv. Maku grew best in solution where the sum of the activities of the monomeric Al species {Alm} was maintained at 5.9 8M. The growth of all other species was decreased with Al in solution, a 50% reduction in TDM being associated with c. 6 8M {Alm] for white clover and subterranean clover, and c. 3 8M in red clover and Lotus corniculatus cv. Maitland.

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