scholarly journals Epichloë endophytes – new perspectives on a key ingredient for resilient perennial grass pastures

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Caradus ◽  
David Chapman ◽  
Tim Cookson ◽  
Blair Cotching ◽  
Matthew Deighton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Animal Safety ◽  
Epichloë Endophytes

The confirmation that Epichloë endophytes are important for pest resistance in New Zealand pastures led to the development of a range of novel endophyte strain × host plant combinations that enhance the persistence of the grass, while mitigating adverse effects on grazing animals. Successfully delivering these endophytes to the pastoral industry has required the development of a range of scientific and commercial capabilities. In March 2012, the New Zealand proprietary seed industry established the Endophyte Technical Committee. This is a cooperative forum to ensure that endophyte strains in commerce or under development are tested uniformly, and to publish industry-agreed descriptions of the animal safety and insect control of commercial endophyte strains each year.

Endophyte in New Zealand ryegrass pastures, an overview

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
H.S. Easton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Grassland Productivity ◽  
Different Parts

Ryegrass pastures in New Zealand are usually infected with the ryegrass endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii). The endophyte provides protection from invertebrate attack, discourages overgrazing by livestock and perhaps confers other advantages enhancing ryegrass persistence. The endophyte lifecycle is completed within the plant, and transmission is uniquely through the grass seed. Within the plant, the endophyte synthesises a range of compounds, some of which have been identified as responsible for known endophyte effects on pasture invertebrates and on livestock. The concentrations of these compounds vary in different parts of the plant, with plant age and in response to environmental influences. While endophyte has wellknown adverse effects on livestock (reviewed elsewhere in this volume), it contributes positively to grassland productivity in New Zealand. Keywords: endophyte, Lolium, Neotyphodium lolii, pest resistance, ryegrass

A Survey of Neonatal Nurses on Mydriatic Regimens Used in Neonatal Retinopathy of Prematurity Eye Examinations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kremer ◽  
David Reith ◽  
Natalie J. Medlicott ◽  
Mary J. Sime ◽  
Liza Edmonds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Adult Dose

Objective This study was aimed to determine mydriatic regimen(s) used in neonatal units in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) and Australia and to estimate the frequency of adverse drug events following mydriatic administration in preterm neonates. Study Design A cross-sectional survey was sent to neonatal nursing staff listed in the Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network contact list. Participants were asked to state what mydriatic regimen they use, and to estimate the frequency of adverse drug events when eye drops were administered for retinopathy of prematurity eye examinations (ROPEE). Results Thirteen different mydriatic regimens were identified; phenylephrine 2.5% and cyclopentolate 0.5% (1 standard drop of each) was the most commonly used regimen. Two of the regimens exceeded adult doses and five regimens included a mydriatic that is equivalent to an adult dose. Following mydriatic instillation, the three most common adverse effects were apnea, tachycardia, and periorbital pallor. Conclusion Low-concentration single-microdrop regimens are currently in use and resulting in successful ROPEE, yet doses exceeding adult doses are in use throughout Aotearoa NZ and Australian units. We know from this dataset that neonates are experiencing unwanted and potentially preventable, adverse effects associated with mydriatics, and every effort should be made to minimize this risk. Key Points

scholarly journals Randomised controlled pilot trial comparing low dose and very low- dose microdrop administration of phenylephrine and cyclopentolate for retinopathy of prematurity eye examinations in neonates

2020 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2019-318733
Author(s):  
Lisa Jean Kremer ◽  
Roland Broadbent ◽  
Natalie Medlicott ◽  
Mary Jane Sime ◽  
Frances McCaffrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
List Type ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Randomised Controlled

AimsTo determine ifVery low dose mydriatic eye microdrop regimen sufficiently dilates the pupil (above 4.1 mm) compared with the currently used low dose mydriatic eye microdrop regimen.Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory adverse effects occur following eye drop instillation.MethodsSeventeen premature infants were recruited into this prospective, randomised controlled pilot trial in January 2017 to November 2018. Data were collected from the single-centre Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Dunedin Hospital, New Zealand. The inclusion criteria were birth weight less than 1500 g or gestational age less than 31 weeks, or any premature infant requiring red reflex testing. Infants were randomised to receive either phenylephrine 1% or 0.5% and cyclopentolate 0.2% or 0.1%, 1 microdrop in both eyes. Efficacy outcome measures were pupil size at retinopathy of prematurity eye examination (ROPEE) and ophthalmologist rating of ease of screen.ResultsAll participants had sufficient pupillary dilation for a successful ROPEE. Ophthalmologists rated the ROPEE as easy for 90% of all examinations. Pupil dilation measurements at the time of examination, mean±SD, 4.8±0.2 (95% CI 4.5 to 5.2) mm for treatment A and 5±0.2 (95%CI 4.6 to 5.4) mm for treatment B (p=0.61). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups for safety data.ConclusionsVery low dose microdrop administration of phenylephrine and cyclopentolate appears to be effective at sufficiently dilating the neonatal pupil for ROPEEs. Low dose and very low dose microdrop mydriatic regimens may also reduce the risk of unwanted adverse effects associated with these medicines.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (reference ACTRN12616001266459p).

scholarly journals Postharvest management of New Zealand flower thrips on export apricots using ethyl formate

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
S.P. Redpath ◽  
A. Wilson ◽  
L.E. Jamieson ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir ◽  
M.J. Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Shipping Containers ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
Thrips Obscuratus

New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT Thrips obscuratus) is the most abundant pest on New Zealand apricots at harvest and is a quarantine pest for apricot export markets Ethyl formate (EF) is a Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) compound being investigated treatments against NZFT and their impact on apricot fruit quality in shipping containers NZFT adults and larvae on apricots were treated in field bins of apricots in a 282 m3 in Hawkes Bay and Central Otago respectively In Hawkes Bay the treatments resulted in 100 mortality of NZFT adults and larvae In Central Otago the treatments resulted in 100 mortality of NZFT adults and 98100 larval mortality Export grade apricot cultivars expressed no adverse effects on quality to this concentration of EFCO2

scholarly journals Quality use of antipsychotic medicines inresidential aged care facilities in New Zealand

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry C. Ndukwe ◽  
Prasad S. Nishtala ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
June M. Tordoff
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Nurse Managers ◽  
Aged Care ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Residential Aged Care ◽  
Staff Education ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Aged Care Facilities ◽  
Residential Aged Care Facilities

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Antipsychotic medicines are used regularly or when required in residential aged care facilities to treat symptoms of dementia, but have been associated with several adverse effects. AIM The aim of this study was to examine ‘quality use’ of antipsychotic medicines in residential aged care facilities in New Zealand, by surveying nurse managers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was mailed to 318 nurse managers working in a nationally representative sample of aged care facilities. A purpose-developed, pre-tested, 22-item structured questionnaire was used to explore practice related to the quality use of antipsychotic medicines. RESULTS Overall, 31.4% of nurse managers responded to the survey. They mostly (88%) had ≥ 1 year’s relevant work experience and 83% of facilities provided care for those within the range of 21 to 100 residents. Respondents reported that staff education on dementia management occurred early in employment. Two-thirds of participants reported non-pharmacological interventions were commonly used for managing challenging behaviours, while less than half (45%) cited administering antipsychotic medicine. Respondents reported ‘managing behavioural symptoms’ (81%) as one of the main indications for antipsychotic use. Frequently identified adverse effects of antipsychotic medicines were drowsiness or sedation (64%) and falls (61%). Over 90% reported general practitioners reviewed antipsychotic use with respect to residents’ target behaviour 3-monthly, and two-thirds used an assessment tool to appraise residents’ behaviour. DISCUSSION Staff education on dementia management soon after employment and resident 3-monthly antipsychotic medicine reviews were positive findings. However, a wider use of behavioural assessment tools might improve the care of residents with dementia and the quality use of antipsychotic medicines.

scholarly journals The evolution of Risk from Landslides: Concepts and Applications for Communities in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gabriele Hufschmidt
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Landslide Hazard ◽  
Social Resilience ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Elements At Risk

<p>The aim of this research is to identify temporal changes of risk from landsliding for several locations in New Zealand (the Western Hutt Hills, close to Wellington; Te Arai, close to Gisborne; Mt.Cook/Aoraki Village, South Island). While risk analysis usually targets a particular point in time, this research includes several five-year intervals (based on census years) starting in 1981 until 2006. The scale of this analysis is the community level. Risk is not expressed as an absolute level of loss, for example a dollar value or the number of fatalities. Risk is rather considered as the probability and extent of adverse effects on a community inferred from landsliding. As such, risk is relative: the aim is to quantify risk for a community relative to another point in time, and relative to other communities. In addition, the degree to which risk levels vary between communities is quantified. The objectives of the risk analysis are to: 1. establish landslide hazard, i.e. the frequency and magnitude of landsliding for each location, 2. develop an index of social vulnerability per census year and community, 3. develop an index of social resilience per census year and community, 4. combine 1.-3. and, together with exposure ('elements at risk'), determine risk from landsliding for each community through time.</p>

scholarly journals A review of proposals to reform the regulation of complementary medicines

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken J Harvey
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Repeat Offenders ◽  
Complementary Medicines ◽  
Regulatory Reforms

In 2003, the Therapeutic Goods Administration instituted a major recall of products made by Pan Pharmaceuticals Limited. Later that year, an expert committee produced 49 recommendations for complementary medicines reform, many of which were to be implemented by the proposed Australia New Zealand Therapeutic Products Authority (ANZTPA). In 2008, the Pan Pharmaceuticals affair reached some conclusion in the courts, the ANZTPA had been abandoned and the case for reform had intensified. There was widespread and increasing use of complementary medicines yet consumers were often unaware that, unlike conventional medicines, these medicines were not evaluated for efficacy. The justification of this two-tiered regulatory system was that complementary medicines are relatively low-risk products. However low risk does not mean no risk. A number of consumers have been shown to use these products for conditions where there is no evidence of effect, potentially placing them at risk. In addition, promotion often overstates their benefits while minimising and sometimes denying known adverse effects and drug interactions. Complaint procedures are overloaded and the ?sanctions? available do not deter repeat offenders. A number of regulatory reforms have been suggested to overcome these problems; they are reviewed in this paper.

Megastigmus spermotrophus. [Distribution map].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Megastigmus spermotrophus(Wachtl.) (Hymenopt., Torymidae) (Douglas Fir Seed-Fly). Host Plant: Pseudotsuga menziesii. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Yugoslavia, AUSTRALASIA, New Zealand, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, U.S.A.

Digitaria insularis (sourgrass).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Parker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Weed Risk Assessment

Abstract D. insularis is an aggressive perennial grass causing major weed problems in its native area, especially in Brazil, Paraquay and Bolivia. It was classed as a principal weed in Venezuela by Holm et al. (1979). It is a major weed where introduced to pastures in Hawaii, USA (Kuswata Kartawinata and Mueller-Dombois, 1972); also in Papua New Guinea (Chadhokar, 1978). In Hawaii, a weed risk assessment based on the Australia/New Zealand model rated the species at 20, i.e. high risk (PIER, 2012).

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