Oil and Gas Complex Waste Products as Technological Indicator of Geoecological Condition of Russia Regions

One of the challenges for Practical Theology in Africa is to engage with the continent’s concerns and challenges in such a way that the kingdom of God is realised in society and is seen to be relevant to these issues by people who are outside of academia. In our article, which was first presented at the Practical Theology congress in Pretoria in January 2014, the authors seek to demonstrate how this may be accomplished by applying insights to one concern, namely ‘fracking’. The objective is to mobilise the influential Christian faith community in South Africa to begin to exercise prophetic discernment concerning fracking in the Karoo. The fracking debate is a product of the tension between the environmental degradation that its waste products may cause, on the one hand, and, on the other, the greater energy demands of a rapidly increasing world population along with its expectations of an ever-increasing standard of living. Shale gas fracking in the Karoo region of South Africa promises to make vast reserves of oil and gas available to help meet a significant percentage of the country’s energy needs for many years to come, and so thus aid development and contribute to raising the standard of living of many people. Yet the management of the waste products associated with the process is an area of serious environmental concern. The article aims to apprise the South African Christian faith community of the technology and risks involved. Theological guidelines are presented by which fracking’s benefits and dangers can be interrogated so that the community may come to an informed decision as to whether or not to support fracking.

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Risks of Seven UK Electricity Generation Options Part 1: Routine Operation

Energy & Environment ◽

10.1177/0958305x9500600402 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 283-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. J. Ball ◽

L. E. J. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Fuel Cycle ◽

Background Radiation ◽

Tidal Power ◽

Waste Products ◽

The Public ◽

Cycle Basis ◽

Operational Risks

This paper examines, on a full fuel cycle basis, routine operational risks associated with the generation of electricity by seven options available to the United Kingdom. These options are tidal power, on-shore and off-shore wind, nuclear power, and coal, oil and gas-fired power. To facilitate comparison, risk estimates are normalised per GWa of electricity produced. Risks to the workforce and the public are considered as distinct items. So far as occupational risks are concerned, it is concluded that when such risks are combined for each cycle, they range from about 0.1 to 0.2 to a maximum of about 1 to 2 fatalities per GWa, with tidal power and gas lying at the lower end of this range, and coal and off-shore wind at the higher end. With the exception of the renewable cycles, for which significant public health risks of the type included within the remit of this project were not identified, the estimation of risks to the public presents many challenges. For example, while individual radiation doses to the public from the nuclear (and fossil) cycles are found to be insignificant compared to those from natural background radiation, collective doses may appear otherwise when integrated over thousands of years and continental or global populations. However, the meaning of such estimates in terms of health cannot be assessed, and in any event the estimates pale into insignificance when compared with those resulting from exposure to natural radiation were this to be calculated on the same basis. The problem of comparing public risks associated with the nuclear and fossil cycles is further compounded on considering the copious quantities of solid, liquid and gaseous waste products which are generated, particularly by the fossil cycles. These waste streams contain heavy metals, carcinogens and known respiratory irritants, but neither the short-term nor long-term public health implications can be quantified at present with confidence. Despite the uncertainties, our broad conclusion is that the routine operational risks of all these cycles are comparatively modest for modern, well-run systems and that the more important factors in energy choice are likely to entail considerations of security of supply, employment, optimum utilisation of the nation's resources and wider environmental considerations.

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Determine The Suitable Heat Input Range for Butt Joint Made by Heat Resistance Stainless Steel SUS316L by Using the Numerical Simulation

JST: Engineering and Technology for Sustainable Development ◽

10.51316/jst.151.etsd.2021.31.3.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 70-77

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Heat Input ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Welding Process ◽

Butt Joint ◽

Production Costs ◽

Chemical Plants ◽

Waste Products ◽

Input Range

One of the methods for reducing the production costs to increase competitiveness is to minimize waste products as well as the cost of testing products, and numerical simulation is a useful tool to solve this task. In this study, the authors use SYSWELD software to compute in advance the suitable heat input range to weld specific layers in heat-resistant stainless steel butt welded joints in chemical plants, oil and gas, and energy. The simulation results show that with the butt-welded joint made by SUS316L steel in 8 mm thick and welded by the MIG welding process, the appropriate heat input of the root pass is 506 J/mm ≤ qđl ≤ 650 J/mm and the heat input suitable for cap pass is 754 J/mm ≤ qđl ≤ 1066 J/mm.

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Oil and Gas Well Brines for Dust Control on Unpaved Roads - Part 2: Environmental and Health Impacts

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2018.v14n30p166 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (30) ◽

pp. 166

Author(s):

Bryce F. Payne

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Saline Water ◽

Waste Product ◽

Original Data ◽

Dust Control ◽

Gas Well ◽

Unpaved Roads ◽

Waste Products ◽

Oil Drilling ◽

Effective Analysis

Natural gas and oil drilling have expanded rapidly in the U.S in recent years. The volume of various associated waste products has been increasing. One such waste product is the typically saline water produced from the wells along with the hydrocarbons. A variety of methods are currently being employed to dispose of this oil and gas well brine (OGB). One such practice is spreading OGB on unpaved roads for dust control and road stabilization. This investigation focused on the likely effectiveness and anticipatable risks of spreading OGB on unpaved roads. Despite decades of regulated use of OGB for dust control, there appears to be a complete lack of data indicating the practice is effective. Analysis of regulations, related literature, and original data indicated, as previously presented in Part 1 (Payne, 2018), that spreading OGB on unpaved roads is ineffective and likely counterproductive for dust control and road stabilization, and presents numerous potential and immediate environmental and health risks as discussed in this Part 2.

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9. Prevention of Marine Pollution

10.1093/he/9780199594016.003.0009 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 503-570

Author(s):

Alan Boyle ◽

Catherine Redgwell

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

International Law ◽

Marine Environment ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Marine Pollution ◽

Marine Ecosystems ◽

Legal Regime ◽

Waste Products ◽

Disposal Area ◽

Common Space

This chapter focuses on threats of pollution to the health of the marine environment. It focuses in particular on marine pollution. The oceans constitute a large expanse of common space. The oceans have been freely used for maritime commerce, exploitation of living resources, extraction of oil and gas, and as a disposal area for waste products for centuries. The law needs to protect marine ecosystems as much as any others on land. Climate change has now begun to harm marine ecosystems and international law needs to consider this. The chapter aims to demonstrate the extent to which an international legal regime for the control of marine pollution from ships has developed since 1972, and the degree to which it has proved effective. The big question is: how can it be made more effective in the future?

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Oil and Gas Well Brines for Dust Control on Unpaved Roads – Part 1: Ineffectiveness

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2018.v14n27p398 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (27) ◽

pp. 398

Author(s):

Bryce F. Payne

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Saline Water ◽

Waste Product ◽

Original Data ◽

Dust Control ◽

Gas Well ◽

Unpaved Roads ◽

Waste Products ◽

Oil Drilling ◽

Effective Analysis

Natural gas and oil drilling have expanded rapidly in the U.S in recent years. The volume of various associated waste products has been increasing. One such waste product is the typically saline water produced from the wells along with the hydrocarbons. A variety of methods are currently being employed to dispose of this oil and gas well brine (OGB). One such practice is spreading OGB on unpaved roads for dust control and road stabilization. This investigation focused on the likely effectiveness and anticipatable risks of spreading OGB on unpaved roads. Despite decades of regulated use of OGB for dust control, there appears to be a complete lack of data indicating the practice is effective. Analysis of regulations, related literature, and original data indicated spreading OGB on unpaved roads is ineffective and likely counterproductive for dust control and road stabilization as reported here in Part 1, and presents numerous potential and immediate environmental, health and economic risks as reported in Part 2 (publication pending).

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North Sea – next life: extending the commercial life of producing North Sea fields

Geological Society London Petroleum Geology Conference series ◽

10.1144/pgc8.30 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 561-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jon Gluyas ◽

Simon Mathias ◽

Salim Goudarzi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

North Sea ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Pore Space ◽

Free Fall ◽

Waste Products ◽

The North ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Uk

AbstractIn 2015, the North Sea petroleum province was 50 years old. The celebrations were short lived because oil prices and gas prices were in free fall. The demand from the UK market had outstripped demand back in 2005 and, 10 years on, falling production and increasing operating expenditure, when coupled with falling prices, had brought the North Sea to crisis point. Many fields became unprofitable and companies began to close down. In an effort to avert the developing crisis, this work examines what options exist for better utilizing the North Sea industry, be that monetizing co-produced fluids or using the pore space once occupied by petroleum for waste products such as carbon dioxide. We briefly examine: the possibility of utilizing heat from the co-produced fluids for power generation; extracting gases and ores from co-produced fluids; and evaluation of the role that carbon dioxide could play in enhanced oil and gas recovery, as well as its ultimate long-term storage in geological deep storage.

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