scholarly journals Bank Presence and Rural Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Guowen Chen ◽  
Weifeng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Panel Estimation ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Rural Living ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Rural development is critical to raise rural living standards and reduce income differences between urban and rural areas. Much literature has explored factors that could affect rural development, and we investigate the effects of bank presence in rural areas on rural income. Using Chinese provincial-level data from 2005 to 2017, we quantify the effects of bank presence on rural income. Specifically, we use the number of banks per town to measure bank presence and use rural income per capita of each province to measure rural income. With the ordinal least square model and dynamic panel estimation, we find that bank presence increases rural income. Rural income increases the same year with banks appear in town, and the effects of bank presence last for years on rural income. However, we do not find significant evidence that bank presence in rural areas also contributes to the reduction of the income difference between urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Population-Level Prevalence, Bother, and Treatment Behavior for Urinary Incontinence in an Eastern European Country: Findings from the LUTS POLAND Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2314
Author(s):  
Mikolaj Przydacz ◽  
Marcin Chlosta ◽  
Piotr Chlosta
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Eastern European Country ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Objectives: Population-level data are lacking for urinary incontinence (UI) in Central and Eastern European countries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence, bother, and behavior regarding treatment for UI in a population-representative group of Polish adults aged ≥ 40 years. Methods: Data for this epidemiological study were derived from the larger LUTS POLAND project, in which a group of adults that typified the Polish population were surveyed, by telephone, about lower urinary tract symptoms. Respondents were classified by age, sex, and place of residence. UI was assessed with a standard protocol and established International Continence Society definitions. Results: The LUTS POLAND survey included 6005 completed interviews. The prevalence of UI was 14.6–25.4%; women reported a greater occurrence compared with men (p < 0.001). For both sexes, UI prevalence increased with age. Stress UI was the most common type of UI in women, and urgency UI was the most prevalent in men. We did not find a difference in prevalence between urban and rural areas. Individuals were greatly bothered by UI. For women, mixed UI was the most bothersome, whereas for men, leak for no reason was most annoying. More than half of respondents (51.4–62.3%) who reported UI expressed anxiety about the effect of UI on their quality of life. Nevertheless, only around one third (29.2–38.1%) of respondents with UI sought treatment, most of whom received treatment. Persons from urban and rural areas did not differ in the degrees of treatment seeking and treatment receiving. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence was prevalent and greatly bothersome among Polish adults aged ≥ 40 years. Consequently, UI had detrimental effects on quality of life. Nonetheless, most affected persons did not seek treatment. Therefore, we need to increase population awareness in Poland about UI and available treatment methods, and we need to ensure adequate allocation of government and healthcare system resources.

scholarly journals Delineation of the Urban-Rural Boundary through Data Fusion: Applications to Improve Urban and Rural Environments and Promote Intensive and Healthy Urban Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7180
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xiaodie Yuan ◽  
Xueping Tan ◽  
Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

As one of the most important methods for limiting urban sprawl, the accurate delineation of the urban–rural boundary not only promotes the intensive use of urban resources, but also helps to alleviate the urban issues caused by urban sprawl, realizing the intensive and healthy development of urban cities. Previous studies on delineating urban–rural boundaries were only based on the level of urban and rural development reflected by night-time light (NTL) data, ignoring the differences in the spatial development between urban and rural areas; so, the comprehensive consideration of NTL and point of interest (POI) data can help improve the accuracy of urban–rural boundary delineation. In this study, the NTL and POI data were fused using wavelet transform, and then the urban–rural boundary before and after data fusion was delineated by multiresolution segmentation. Finally, the delineation results were verified. The verification result shows that the accuracy of delineating the urban–rural boundary using only NTL data is 84.20%, and the Kappa value is 0.6549; the accuracy using the fusion of NTL and POI data on the basis of wavelet transform is 93.2%, and the Kappa value is 0.8132. Therefore, we concluded that the proposed method of using wavelet transform to fuse NTL and POI data considers the differences between urban and rural development, which significantly improves the accuracy of the delineation of urban–rural boundaries. Accurate delineation of urban–rural boundaries is helpful for optimizing internal spatial structure in both urban and rural areas, alleviating environmental problems resulting from urban development, assisting the formulation of development policies for urban and rural fringes, and promoting the intensive and healthy development of urban areas.

Agriculture Biomaterial Industry in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Irina Bancescu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban Rural

Rural areas in Romania are underdeveloped, with the main economic activity being agriculture. Urban-rural income gap and poverty levels are indicative of an underdeveloped rural area. Urban-rural absolute income gap for average monthly income increased from 352 RON in 2007 to 663 RON in 2017. Moreover, the work poverty rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Economic rural development can be achieved by improvements of the labour market and introduction of new value-added products. Agricultural and non-agricultural activities are dependent on each other for a successful rural development leading to poverty alleviation. An industry that combines the two types of economic activities is agriculture biomaterial industry. In this paper, the authos investigates the factors influencing rural poverty and analyses the current stage of the bioplastics market in Romania and its economic implications. Bioplastics industry can reduce urban-rural income gaps and poverty in rural areas.

scholarly journals Back to the Countryside: Rural Development and the Spatial Patterns of Population Migration in Zhejiang, China

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 788
Author(s):  
Weiming Tong ◽  
Kevin Lo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Migration ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Level Data

This study examines how rural development in China shapes new trends in population migration. Using first-hand, village-level data from Zhejiang—an economically developed province in China—we investigated the patterns and influencing factors of population migration between rural and urban areas. We conceptualized three types of migration in rural areas: rural out-migration, rural in-migration, and rural return-migration. First-hand data were collected from 347 villages. The results show that although rural out-migration remains the dominant form of migration, rural in-migration and return-migration are also common, and the latter two are positively correlated. Further, we found evidence to support the conclusion that rural economic, social, and spatial development encourages rural in-migration and return-migration but does not have a significant impact on rural out-migration. Therefore, it is foreseeable that rural in-migration and return-migration will become increasingly common in China.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis in residential property price level and price dynamics in urban and rural areas of Hajdú-Bihar County

2014 ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Ákos Fischl
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Property Price ◽  
Real Estate Prices ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

In modern market economies residential real estate prices, price shifts and their correlations with macroeconomic factors are surveyed quite frequently. However, in contrast with the wide scope of foreign examples, so far existing analyses in Hungary have ignored examining relation and extensity of macroeconomic indicators and failed to examine their effect on real estate pricing. The scope of this survey is to highlight these potential correlations and thus develop new aspects of analysis. Although the examination needs further extension both in time and space, the results of this survey may help to understand the importance of the responsible management of the most precious element of national wealth from the perspective of sustainable rural development. Based on my preliminary results, there exists a strong correlation between the number of inhabitants of a settlement and the average real estate prices. Nevertheless, the correlation seems to be significant only for cities. In the case of smaller settlements the correlation still exists but at a lower level. As opposed to the results of former publications and my own expectations, no direct link could be tackled between the amount of income tax paid by private individuals and real estate prices either in the cities or in the villages within the territory and time span examined in my analysis. Although this correlation is measurable on a macro-economic level, my micro-regional analyses revealed the complexity of asset pricing and price volatility. Continuing this survey, my goal is to identify the hidden factors influencing real estate prices, whose thorough mapping may promote conscious rural development.

scholarly journals Impacts of Education and Environmental Sustainability on Rural Income Inequality in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Andryan Setyadharma ◽  
Shanty Oktavilia ◽  
Sri Utami ◽  
Audina Rizka Noormalitasari
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Environmental Deterioration ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Impact

Income inequality may hinder rural development and education is seen an important tool in rural development processes as well as it become an effective way in reducing rural income inequality. Human capital theory suggests that higher education can increase income, and it will decrease income inequality. The first objective of this study is to examine the effect of education on rural income inequality in Indonesia. This study also examines the relationship between environmental deterioration and rural income inequality. Studies about the impact of higher levels of inequality on environmental deterioration are not new, but the opposite studies are rare. Therefore, the second objective of this study is to examine the effect of environmental deterioration on rural income inequality in Indonesia. This study applies panel data from 32 provinces in Indonesia during 2012 to 2018. The results show that higher education resulting in lower rural income inequality in Indonesia. Furthermore, the finding also shows that the efforts to reduce environmental deterioration resulting in lower rural income inequality in Indonesia. This study suggests that it is vital to improve education level and to apply nature-friendly approaches to reduce income gaps in rural areas so the rural development goals can be achieved.

scholarly journals Measurement and Path Selection of Rural Development Level in Enclave Areas: A Case Study of Jingyuan County, Gansu Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9904
Author(s):  
Jianwu Qi ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Zongxiang Wang ◽  
Haozhou Fang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Path Selection ◽  
Gansu Province ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The development of rural areas is a significant component in social and economic activities. It is very important for optimizing the allocation of rural production and living factors, promoting the integration of urban and rural areas and sustainable development to identify the characteristics and main types of regional rural development. In this paper, 169 villages in Jingyuan County were selected as the research object, and the evaluation index system of rural development level was constructed from the perspective of “Factor-structure-function”. The rural development level and spatial structure characteristics of Jingyuan County were analyzed by using rural development index, regional function index, nearest neighbor index, and exploratory spatial data analysis, and the types and specific paths of rural development were determined. The results showed the following: Rural development of Jingyuan County is at a low level, which is characterized by “high in the south and low in the north”. The level of rural development shows significant spatial dependence in the global space, and the spatial agglomeration characteristics are obvious, which are manifested as strong agglomeration dominated by resource endowment and cultural function and weak agglomeration dominated by production function and location relationship. The local space is characterized by stable high value and high value (H-H), low value and low value (L-L) bidirectional agglomeration. According to the spatial characteristics of the rural development level, the “4 + 10 + 6 + 2” system of rural development type identification in Jingyuan County was constructed, and finally it was determined that policy leading and characteristic protection are the dominant types of rural development. Based on this, this paper put forward specific paths and development models of different types of rural development in Jingyuan County from seven dimensions: industry, population, land, tourism, space, culture and ecology, so as to provide ideas and references for the integration of urban and rural areas, the implementation of rural revitalization strategy, and sustainable development in the western poverty-stricken areas.

scholarly journals Rural tourism and sustainable rural development opportunities in apulia region (southern italy)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatello Caruso ◽  
Albert-Pol Miró
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Sustainable Rural Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Public Aid

The purpose of this study is to investigate the public aid role in to multifunctional farms in developing the rural tourism, and the implementation in non-agricultural activities in the Puglia region. Concretely, by referring to the Rural Development Program 2007/2013, this paper offers an analysis to verify whether there is a solid support for public aid in agrotourism using a farm level data. After a policies and literature review on the role of the Local Action Groups (LAGs) for enhancing economic and sustainable competitiveness of rural areas, we present our case study. Statistical analysis and a tree classification method are carried out.

scholarly journals Rural revitalization under the background of balancing urban and rural development: A case study of Batang village, Guangdong province, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihong Guo ◽  
◽  
Bin Li ◽  
Yuquing Zhang ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Rural Practice ◽  
Development Mode ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Since reform and opening up, the development of Chinese urban and rural areas has shown an evolution of integration from isolation. The government promulgated national policies and related planning strategies, aiming at realizing the goal of rural revitalization through the system reform and planning adjustment of balancing urban and rural development. In the complex process of social development, there are many problems with rural areas, such as lack of infrastructure, unbalanced economic development, dilapidated living environment and insufficient sharing between urban and rural areas. On the premise of meeting the requirements of national laws and policies, this paper takes the planning of Batang village in Yunfu city of Guangdong province as an example. Combine with ReBAM theory to make sure Batang village is suit for developing tourism. And based on field survey made a Batang plan by planning knowledge. Through literature review and field survey to explore how to realize the revitalization of the rural areas under the development mode of balancing urban and rural development. The conclusion of the research took rural tourism as the breakthrough point, and formed complementary and dislocation development mode with the city. In living aspect, the research optimized infrastructure and improved people's living environment as well as summarized cultural elements to inherit rural civilization. In production aspect, it exploited rural commercial potential and income-generating path, and completed the transformation from passive development to active revitalization to achieve prosperity industry and life. In ecology aspect, it combined with sustainable development model to create an ecological and livable rural landscape. At last, the research established urban and rural co-management system and shared rural information platform to achieve effective governance, to ensure that tourism mode as a starting point for rural revitalization planning can be sustainable development. The research of this paper practiced the national experience of rural revitalization as a pilot project, facilitated the implementation of relevant policies and supported planning for rural revitalization, and explored the methods of rural revitalization under the background of balancing urban and rural development. Based on the acceptance of the plan by local villagers, the approval of Guangdong Postgraduate Education Innovation Project in 2018 and got the third prize of National Competition for Ecological Wisdom Inspired Urban and Rural Practice in 2019, it is hoped that the research will contribute to the rural revitalization under the background of balancing urban and rural development.

Rurality

Folk Horror ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 79-120
Author(s):  
Adam Scovell
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Rural Living ◽  
Experimental Feature ◽  
Topographical Difference ◽  
Dual Character ◽  
Narrative Worlds ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Ways Of Life

This chapter investigates the use of the rural setting in Folk Horror. David Gladwell's 1976 experimental feature Requiem for a Village questions the logic of such location-bred violence by looking into darker aspects of the rural. This is not simply through emphasis upon the topographical difference between urban and rural areas but more akin to the accoutrements of rural living and lifestyle; the aesthetics of farming, and other practices that are required to live off the land have a dual character of violence and history. Folk Horror regularly builds its sense of the horrific around societies and groups of people that have very specific ways of life, and it is not by sheer chance that these often happen to be rural rather than urban. This sense of divide between the two accounts for what was called ‘skewed belief systems and ideologies’, but there is more to it than the allowing of pulp forms of paganism and occultism to grow; Folk Horror uses the otherness that can be attributed to rural life to warp the very reality of its narrative worlds and often for its own explicit means.

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