scholarly journals Neuroisualization of Pharmaco-EEG Effects of Leutragine by Normalized Cat Brain Electrograms

Biomeditsina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Fokin ◽  
N. N. Karkischenko ◽  
M. M. Borisova
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Cat Brain ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Gabaergic Modulation ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Effect

The central mechanisms of leutragine during inhalational administration were investigated by analyzing normalized brain cat electrograms obtained by the method of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). According to the conducted pharmaco-electroencephalography (pharmaco-EEG) analysis, Leutragine demonstrates a maximum effect on the parameters of brain electrograms approximately 30 minutes after administration followed by its persistence for about 2 hours. The observed effect is characterized predominantly by a deprimation of all analyzed rhythms compared to the initial values. Normalized brain electrograms (NBE) are less pronounced in the area of the hippocampus, although being more pronounced in the area of the cingulate gyrus and posterior hypothalamus. This may indicate the leucinencephaline regulation of intracentral relations of the brain. The most significant effects obtained in high-frequency β- and γ-rhythms (about 20–25, 40 and 60 Hz) indicate an increase in the γ-activity of interneurons and inhibition of pyramidal cells, which may indicate an anti-anxiety, antidepressant, antiepileptic, analgesic and similar actions of the substance under study. The NBE parameters were found to identical under the action of Leutragine and the derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (glutamine, gabapentin, pregabalin, and phenibut), mainly at frequencies of about 40 and 60 Hz. Similar NBE parameters were obtained under the action of nootropics (semax), which is expressed in the activation of the hippocampus and the hypothalamus posterior at frequencies of about 60–65 Hz. This suggests that the action of Leutragine reflects the mechanisms of GABAergic modulation of the hippocampus and prefrontal neocortex, at the same time as having a positive effect on mental performance, memory consolidation and cognitive function. Leutragine can be used to model and study mechanisms exhibiting a positive effect in the treatment of diseases caused, among other things, by the new coronavirus infection COVID-19.

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH IN NUTRITIONAL THERAPY FOR NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION (NARRATIVE REVIEW)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Positive Effect

Objective: In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal nutrient status to strengthen the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis, focusing on the most relevant constituents that reduce inflammation and Provide a holistic perspective nutritional therapy the new coronavirus (covid-19) to assist researchers and improving areas for future response plans to deal with these diseases, and to provide a summary of the nutrients that help stop their development. Methods: This is a theoretical study conducted through a comprehensive review of the literature and research in the research engines (PubMed), (Read) and (ELSEVIER) and other new studies published in Chinese; we obtained information nutritional treatment who contributed to increasing the immunity of patients, due to the lack of treatment for this disease. Results: Until now no effective drug for the treatment of new coronavirus, pneumonia (covid-19) has been found. The development of vaccines is still in animal experiments. Recommendations and measures to control the spread of infection and nutritional therapy are still the only way to prevent the spread of covid-19 virus. Because, People relied only on treatments that were effective on previous viruses, for example those that have been used during the SARS and MERS epidemics. Discussion: The Covid-19 virus remains a global concern and more research is needed to control it. In addition, people need to know the nutrition ingredients that have a positive effect on increasing the immunity of the human body.

scholarly journals Herbal Remedies and Their Possible Effect on the GABAergic System and Sleep

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Oliviero Bruni ◽  
Luigi Ferini-Strambi ◽  
Elena Giacomoni ◽  
Paolo Pellegrino
Keyword(s):  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Alternative Medicines ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
The Brain

Sleep is an essential component of physical and emotional well-being, and lack, or disruption, of sleep due to insomnia is a highly prevalent problem. The interest in complementary and alternative medicines for treating or preventing insomnia has increased recently. Centuries-old herbal treatments, popular for their safety and effectiveness, include valerian, passionflower, lemon balm, lavender, and Californian poppy. These herbal medicines have been shown to reduce sleep latency and increase subjective and objective measures of sleep quality. Research into their molecular components revealed that their sedative and sleep-promoting properties rely on interactions with various neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a major role in controlling different vigilance states. GABA receptors are the targets of many pharmacological treatments for insomnia, such as benzodiazepines. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of studies assessing the mechanisms of action of various herbal medicines on different subtypes of GABA receptors in the context of sleep control. Currently available evidence suggests that herbal extracts may exert some of their hypnotic and anxiolytic activity through interacting with GABA receptors and modulating GABAergic signaling in the brain, but their mechanism of action in the treatment of insomnia is not completely understood.

Developmental study of benzodiazepine effects on monosynaptic GABAA-mediated IPSPs of rat hippocampal neurons

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 1076-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rovira ◽  
Y. Ben-Ari
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Type I ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Young Rats ◽  
In Cells

1. The effects of type I (BZ1) and type II (BZ2) benzodiazepine receptor ligands on monosynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) and on responses to exogenously applied GABA were studied using intracellular recordings from CA3 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampal slices taken at different postnatal stages [postnatal day 4 (P4)-P35)]. 2. The effects of midazolam, a BZ1 and BZ2 receptor agonist, were tested on the monosynaptic IPSPs at different stages. Monosynaptic, bicuculline-sensitive IPSPs were evoked by hilar stimulation in presence of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists [6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (10 microM) and D(-)2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (50 microM)]. Midazolam at 300 nM maximally increased the duration and amplitude of monosynaptic GABAA-mediated IPSPs in neurons from pups (P4-P6, n = 6) and young (P7-P12, n = 8) and adult (P25-P35, n = 9) rats. All the effects of midazolam on IPSPs were reversed by the antagonist Ro 15-1788 (10 microM). 3. The effect of midazolam was also tested on the response to exogenously applied GABA (5 mM) in the presence of tetrodotoxine [TTX (1 microM)]. In neurons from young rats (n = 9), midazolam (1 nM-1 microM) did not change the responses to exogenously applied GABA, whereas in adult rats (n = 8) midazolam maximally increased GABA currents at 30 nM. 4. The effect of zolpidem, a BZ1 receptor agonist, was tested on monosynaptic IPSPs and GABA currents at different stages. Zolpidem (10 nM-1 microM) was inactive in cells from young rats (n = 12). In neurons from adult rats, zolpidem maximally increased the duration and amplitude of the monosynaptic IPSPs at 300 nM (n = 5) and the amplitude of GABA current at 30-100 nM (n = 5). 5. Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM) (300 nM), an inverse agonist of BZ1 and BZ2 receptors, decreased the amplitude and duration of monosynaptic IPSPs in neurons from pups (n = 3) and young (n = 4) and adult (n = 5) rats. In all cases, full recovery was obtained after exposure to R0 15-1788 (10 microM). DMCM (300 nM-10 microM) failed to reduce GABA responses in cells from young (n = 3) or adult (n = 7) rats. 6. Results indicate that the regulation by benzodiazepine of GABAA-mediated IPSPs varies with the developmental stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Comparison of age‐dependent alterations in thioredoxin 2 and thioredoxin reductase 2 expressions in hippocampi between mice and rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Ho Yoo ◽  
Dae Won Kim ◽  
Bai Hui Chen ◽  
Hyejin Sim ◽  
Bora Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cresyl Violet Staining ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Aging is one of major causes triggering neurophysiological changes in many brain substructures, including the hippocampus, which has a major role in learning and memory. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a class of small redox proteins. Among the Trx family, Trx2 plays an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential and is controlled by TrxR2. Hitherto, age-dependent alterations in Trx2 and TrxR2 in aged hippocampi have been poorly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine changes in Trx2 and TrxR2 in mouse and rat hippocampi by age and to compare their differences between mice and rats. Results Trx2 and TrxR2 levels using Western blots in mice were the highest at young age and gradually reduced with time, showing that no significant differences in the levels were found between the two subfields. In rats, however, their expression levels were the lowest at young age and gradually increased with time. Nevertheless, there were no differences in cellular distribution and morphology in their hippocampi when it was observed by cresyl violet staining. In addition, both Trx2 and TrxR2 immunoreactivities in the CA1-3 fields were mainly shown in pyramidal cells (principal cells), showing that their immunoreactivities were altered like changes in their protein levels. Conclusions Our current findings suggest that Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the brain may be different according to brain regions, age and species. Therefore, further studies are needed to examine the reasons of the differences of Trx2 and TrxR2 expressions in the hippocampus between mice and rats.

Follow-up of intra-arterial delivery of bevacizumab for treatment of butterfly glioblastoma in patient with first-in-human, real-time MRI-guided intra-arterial neurointervention

2021 ◽  
pp. neurintsurg-2021-017900
Author(s):  
Michal Zawadzki ◽  
Jerzy Walecki ◽  
Boguslaw Kostkiewicz ◽  
Kacper Kostyra ◽  
Piotr Walczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Second Procedure ◽  
Discharge From Hospital ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Effect

This case report shows that real-time MRI may aid in the precision of intra-arterial delivery of bevacizumab to butterfly glioblastoma. Fast clinical improvement, decrease of contrast enhancing status, and no serious adverse effects were observed at discharge from hospital. The patient regained pre-recurrent neurological status for 2 months with a subsequent fast clinical decline and an increase in tumor volume. The patient underwent a second procedure of intra-arterial delivery of bevacizumab to the brain, with substantial clinical and radiological improvement, but not the level of improvement observed after the first procedure. Another clinical decline occurred with an increase in tumor size and the patient was treated 2 months later with a third intra-arterial infusion of bevacizumab. While another positive effect was achieved, it was less pronounced than before, and the patient died 1.5 months later. There were no technical, ischemic or other complications during the procedures. The patient survived 218 days from the first symptoms of tumor recurrence, 190 days from the first MRI, and 175 days from the first intra-arterial treatment of bevacizumab.

Role of the caudal fastigial nucleus in saccade generation. II. Effects of muscimol inactivation

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1741-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Robinson ◽  
A. Straube ◽  
A. F. Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
End Points ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Corrective Saccades ◽  
Corrective Saccade ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

1. We studied the effect of temporarily inhibiting neurons in the caudal fastigial nucleus in two rhesus macaques trained to make saccades to jumping targets. We placed injections of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist muscimol unilaterally or bilaterally at sites in the caudal fastigial nucleus where we had recorded saccade-related neurons a few minutes earlier. 2. Unilateral injections (n = 9) made horizontal saccades to the injected side hypermetric and those to the other side hypometric (mean gain of 1.37 and 0.61, respectively, for 10 degrees target steps, and 1.26 and 0.81 for 20 degrees target steps; normal saccade gain was 0.96). Saccades to vertical targets showed a small but significant hypermetria and curved strongly toward the side of the injection. The trajectories and end points of all targeted saccades were more variable than normal. 3. After unilateral injections, centripetal saccades were slightly larger than centrifugal saccades (mean gains for ipsilateral saccades were 1.42 and 1.31, respectively, for 10 degrees target steps, and 1.37 and 1.15 for 20 degrees target steps). 4. Unilateral injections increased the average acceleration of ipsilateral saccades and decreased the acceleration of contralateral saccades. Injections decreased both the acceleration and deceleration of vertical saccades. 5. After dysmetric saccades, monkeys acquired the target with an abnormally high number of hypometric corrective saccades. Injection increased the average number of corrective saccades from 0.6 to 2.1 after 10 degrees horizontal target steps and from 0.8 to 2.1 after 20 degrees steps. The size of each successive corrective saccade in a series decreased, and the latency from the previous corrective saccade increased. 6. Bilateral injections (n = 2) of muscimol, in which we injected first into the left caudal fastigial nucleus and then, within 30 min, into the right, made all saccades hypermetric (mean gain for 10 degrees right, left, up, and down saccades was 1.18, 1.49, 1.43, and 1.10, respectively). Paradoxically, bilateral injection decreased both saccade acceleration and deceleration. Saccade trajectories and end points were more variable than normal. 7. To account for the effects of our injections, we propose that the activity of caudal fastigial neurons on one side normally helps to decelerate ipsilateral saccades and helps to accelerate contralateral saccades by influencing the feedback loop of the saccade burst generator in the brain stem. Without caudal fastigial activity the brain stem burst generator produces hypermetric, variable saccades. We therefore also propose that the influence of caudal fastigial neurons on the burst generator makes saccades more consistent and accurate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Use of 19F NMR Spectroscopy for Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow: A Comparative Study Using Microspheres

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Barranco ◽  
Leslie N. Sutton ◽  
Sandra Florin ◽  
Joel Greenberg ◽  
Teresa Sinnwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Radioactive Microsphere ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Cat Brain ◽  
Nmr Techniques ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Washout Curves ◽  
The Brain

19F NMR was used to determine washout curves of an inert, diffusible gas (CHF3) from the cat brain. The cerebral blood flow was estimated from a bi- or tri-phasic fit to the deconvoluted wash-out curve, using the Kety-Schmidt approach. Cerebral blood flow values determined by 19F NMR show the expected responsiveness to alterations in Paco2, but are approximately 28% lower than cerebral blood flow values determined simultaneously by radioactive microsphere techniques. High concentrations of CHF3 have little effect on intracranial pressure, mean arterial blood pressure or Paco2, but cause small changes in the blood flow to certain regions of the brain. We conclude that 19F NMR techniques utilizing low concentrations of CHF3 have potential for the noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow.

scholarly journals Levels of biogenic amines in the brain of rats at experimental post-traumatic stress disorder development

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-810
Author(s):  
R V Deev ◽  
Yu M Shatrova ◽  
A I Sinitskiy ◽  
N S Molchanova ◽  
A K Yunusova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Brain

Aim. To study the changes in levels of biogenic amines-neurotransmitters in the brain at experimental post-traumatic stress disorder development in rats. Methods. Post-traumatic stress disorder was modeled by keeping 48 outbred male rats in under constant and inescapable strong unconditioned stimulus. The control group included 16 intact animals, not exposed to stress influences. The levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid were determined by fluorometric methods. Behavioral activity of animals was evaluated on the day 3, 7, 10 and 14 by «open field» and «elevated plus maze» actinographs. Results. When comparing the concentrations of studied neurotransmitters in the brain of control animals with experimental groups, reflecting the development of post-traumatic stress disorder at the time, adrenaline and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine levels were increased on the third day, level of norepinephrine was reduced on the seventh day, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine levels were elevaled, gamma-aminobutyric acid level was reduced on the tenth day, gamma-aminobutyric acid level was increased on the fourteenth day after the stress. Conclusion. According to the results of the correlation analysis, the largest contribution to the development of behavioral disorders are made by altered brain level of gamma-aminobutyric acid at the time of post-traumatic stress disorder formation (tenth and fourteenth day). At the earlier stages (third and seventh day), the relationship of rats behavioral activity and altered 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and norepinephrine brain levels was shown.

scholarly journals К. Schaffer: Zur feineren Struktur der Hirnrinde und über funktionelle Bedeutung der Nervenzellenfortsätze. Arch. f. Mikrosk. Anatomie. XLVIIL 4 Heft. 1897. S. S. 550—572

2020 ◽  
Vol V (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
A. E. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Special Group ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Axial Cylinder

The author's research refers to the anterior cerebral cortex of a newborn dog. The author studies in detail the so-called tiny pyramidal cells, lying between the pluripolar cells of the molecular layer and the small (true) pyramidal cells. Already R. y Cajal drew attention to polygonal or core-shaped cells, the cells that lie behind the layer of the outermost cells (pluripolare Nervenzellen von R. y Cajal), but did not separate them into a special group, believing that these cells were gradually changing vid, go into the small pyramids, to which he numbered them. Schaffer separates these cells into a special group, calling it the layer of surface polymorphic cells. These cells have a dark variety of shapes (fusiform, oval, roundish, pear-shaped, polygonal) and lie in approximately four (4) rows. Dendrites go then, mainly, in two opposite directions (for fusiform cells), then they move radially in all directions (for round and polygonal cells). The number of dendrites is sometimes strikingly abundant. Dendrites going to the surface of the brain reach it, while dendrites of the opposite direction sometimes go down to the ammonium formations of the cerebral cortex. Special attention should be paid to the axial cylinder of the disassembled cells; on the basis of the features of this appendix, the author distinguishes 3 types of disassembled cells.

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