Agriculture and Pharmaceutical Innovations: Milestones in Research and Case Studies

Author(s):  
Zohar Amar ◽  
Efraim Lev

This chapter reconstructs a list as possible of all the ‘new’ medicinal substances that were more widely distributed than in the pre-Islamic period. It studies the contribution and influence of these substances on the theoretical and practical medieval medical legacy as well as how, and to what extent, these substances merge with the development and distribution of ‘new’ technologies and industries that evolved in the Middle Ages such as textiles and paper, and with the new trends, demands, and fashions regarding perfumes, ornaments, and foodstuffs. The chapter also seeks to trace the main routes of trade in these substances in the new ‘Arab space’ and to assess the actual relevance that should be ascribed to the Greek and Indian legacies in the formation of Arab medicine and pharmacology.

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZOHAR AMAR ◽  
EFRAIM LEV ◽  
YARON SERRI

AbstractPedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician and one of the first pharma-botanists is known mainly for his book De Materia Medica, a medical codex listing hundreds of medicinal substances. The Arabs admired Dioscorides’ legacy however they were very aware that their own inventory of drugs was much larger than his.The Andalusian physician Ibn Juljul (944 – after 994) became famous on account of several medical treaties which he wrote. He devoted most of his time to identifying the drugs listed in Dioscorides’ monumental work, and thereafter wrote: “An article on the drugs not mentioned in Dioscorides’ book. . .”This article analyzes and discusses the names of those drugs and presents an English translation of this work. The absence of these substances from Dioscorides’ codex, and from other classical sources of the pre-Islamic period (Theophrastus, Pliny, Galen, Paul of Aegina), is a prime reason for ascribing their distribution to the Arabs.Ibn Juljul's list reflects the major change that took place in the inventory of Galeno-Arabic drugs after the Islamic conquests; about one hundred new substances. Some of these substances, such as the myrobalan, soon became among the most common and popular drugs in the practical pharmacology of the Middle Ages. The fact that about half of the substances not mentioned by Dioscorides are of “Indian” origin should be seen against the background of the influence of the Ayurvedic medical culture, to which the Arabs were exposed alongside the Greek.


Author(s):  
Louise D'Arcens

World Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern Textual Culture explores the ways in which a range of modern textual cultures have continued to engage creatively with the medieval past in order to come to terms with the global present. Building its argument through four case studies—from the Middle East, France, Southeast Asia, and Indigenous Australia–it shows that to understand medievalism as a cultural idiom with global reach, we need to develop a more nuanced grasp of the different ways ‘the Middle Ages’ have come to signify beyond Europe as well as within a Europe that has been transformed by multiculturalism and the global economy. The book’s case studies are explored within a conceptual framework in which medievalism itself is formulated as ‘world-disclosing’—a transhistorical encounter that enables the modern subject to apprehend the past ‘world’ opened up in medieval and medievalist texts and objects. The book analyses the cultural and material conditions under which its texts are produced, disseminated, and received and examines literature alongside films, television programs, newspapers and journals, political tracts, as well as such material and artefactual texts as photographs, paintings, statues, buildings, rock art, and fossils. While the case studies feature distinctive localized forms of medievalism, taken together they reveal how imperial and global legacies have ensured that the medieval period continues to be perceived as a commonly held past that can be retrieved, reclaimed, or revived in response to the accelerated changes and uncertainties of global modernity.


Author(s):  
Adrián Calonge Miranda

Con la caída política del Imperio Romano de Occidente en el año 476, su entramado viario siguió en servicio y constituyó una de las principales bases económicas y militares de los diferentes poderes que fueron surgiendo. Tomando como ejemplo el valle medio del Ebro (La Rioja y las provincias de Burgos y Álava), se van a estudiar tres calzadas de origen romano que siguieron en uso durante la Edad Media. Así mismo, con el estudio del patrón de asentamiento de las iglesias, las fortalezas con centros religiosos y el hábitat en cuevas, se va a reforzar la tesis de la pervivencia de las calzadas romanas en la región. Para ello se han utilizado fuentes documentales medievales e información procedente de la arqueología.AbstractSince the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, its network of roadways remained in service and became one of the main economic and military pillars of the different powers that were born of it. Focussing on the geographical area of the Middle Ebro valley (La Rioja and part of the provinces of Burgos and Alava) we will study three roadways of Roman origin that continued in use throughout the Middle Ages. By studying the settlement pattern of churches, fortresses with religious centres, and cave dwellings, we may strengthen the theory of the survival of Roman roadways in the region. For this purpose, medieval documentary sources and data provided by archeology will be used.


1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Simón

It is proposed that a new type of disorder be incorporated in the DSM-III under the category of Dissociative Disorders. The disorder, the Berkserker/Blind Rage Syndrome is characterized by (a) violent overreaction to physical, verbal, or visual insult, (b) amnesia during the actual period of violence, (c) abnormally great strength, (d) specifically target-oriented violence. Some case studies are presented for illustration and a parallel is made with the Viking Berserkers of the Middle Ages.


Author(s):  
Jaime García Carpintero López de Mota

Además de su cometido en la defensa de la Cristiandad y control territorial, las órdenes militares tuvieron otra función intrínseca a su propia naturaleza: la hospitalidad,  entendida en la Edad Media como la asistencia a pobres, enfermos y peregrinos. En la Península Ibérica, destacó en esta faceta la Orden de Santiago, que añadió la redención de cautivos prisioneros en al-Andalus y el Magreb como una premisa más dentro de su labor hospitalaria. Para sostener esta actividad la Orden creó una importante red de hospitales y enfermerías extendidos por todos sus territorios. Uno de estos centros fue el hospital de Alarcón (Cuenca), fundado en torno a 1203, y que tras un periodo de decandencia fue mandado recontruir a finales del siglo XV  en el marco reformador que las órdenes religiosas experimentaron bajo el reinado de los Reyes Católicos. A partir de las descripciones contenidas en los Libros de Visita de la Orden, del estudio arqueológico de los restos conservados y las nuevas tecnologías, como la reconstrucción virtual, trataremos de aproximarnos a la realidad del hospital de Alarcón a finales de la Edad Media. Along with their role in the defence of Christianity and territorial control, the Military Orders also carried out another function inherent to their nature, hospitality, which in the Middle Ages meant the assistance of the poor, the sick and pilgrims. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Order of Santiago stood out in this area and they included the redemption of captive prisoners in al-Andalus and the Maghreb as a complementary task to their main objective. To carry out these activities, the Order created an important network of hospitals spread throughout their own domains. One of those centres was the hospital of Alarcón (Cuenca), founded arround 1203. After a period of decline it was rebuilt at the end of the fifteenth century in the context of reform which the religious orders undertook during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs. With the use of the descriptions in the Order’s “visitation books”, archaeological analysis of its remains, and the use of new technologies such as virtual reconstruction, we will try to achieve a better understanding of the hospital at the end of the Middle Ages.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 644-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera A. Fortunatova ◽  
Elena V. Valeeva

The article is based on the methodology of development of the cultural heritage of the past, which translates the value of educational stability. For this purpose, the concept of generatype is introduced in the form of an educational model that concentrates the best of what humanity has preserved for the formation of human. Generatypes are derived from the change of cultural matrices, vary from era to era and depend on the nature of evolutionary changes of these sources within the individual cultural stages of social evolution. The concept we introduce does not mean grandiose “chips” of archetypal ideas, but only correlates them with the new human and the new world. A generatype is a total (collective) image that creates a special edu­cational ideology and determines the nature of human actions. It is the totality of human actions that forms a special type of person developed in a particular era. The most important in this process is the idea of accumulation of meanings. Educatio­nal gene­ratypes act as structural principles of exteriorization of educational reality, in which we distinguish the following periods characterized by specific generatypes: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the 17th—18th centuries, the 19th and 20th centuries. Classical literature and the art of the past give us examples of spiritual dominants of each cultural era. The anthropological ideals we identify are the following: Antiquity — the hero, the Middle Ages — the saint, the Age of Enlightenment — the encyclopedist (universalist), the 19th century — the engineer/artist, the 20th century — the financier. Actualization of the ideas of the past is the extraction of the studied material from long-term and short-term memory for the purpose of its subsequent use in recognition or direct reproduction in the modern educational process. The combination of educational ideologies (ideas) of different relevance opens up new facets of modern educational theory and practice and reveals their cultural potential. Moreover, the mechanism of actualization should not be based on rough mo­dernization, but involves the use of receptive abilities of people, the development of their imagination and emotional memory. The cognitive-metaphorical scheme of synthesis of humanitarian content given in the article provides an example of the stated idea development both in the research direction and in the educational-applied space of new technologies of teaching eternal meanings.


Author(s):  
Stephen Mileson

This chapter summarizes the current state of research on royal and aristocratic landscapes of pleasure, including forests, parks, warrens, gardens, and tournament grounds. It is shown that archaeological evidence has made a strong contribution to knowledge about the function, extent, and significance of these landscapes across Britain. Nevertheless, much fieldwork remains to be done, especially in Wales and Scotland. The most fruitful approach to individual case studies and regional analysis is to combine documents, maps, and place-names with material remains. Future advances in understanding will require close engagement with wider debates about changes in the distribution of power during the Middle Ages.


Author(s):  
Patrick Karl O'Brien ◽  
Leandro Prados de la Escosura

Large historical problems are stimulating to debate but difficult to specify and answer in ways that might carry forward our long-standing discourses in global economic history. The papers which form the basis of our essay deal with a meta question and are focused upon the economic consequences (the costs and benefits) for those European societies most actively involved in territorial expansion, colonization, world trade, capital exports and emigration to other continents over the past five centuries. Our symbolic dates mark (rather than demarcate) the beginning and ending of European imperialism. Colonisation occurred in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages but between 1415 and 1789 European powers, particularly Britain but also Spain, Portugal, Holland, France and Italy, founded hundreds of colonies. Individual articles have concentrated upon periods of significance for particular countries and are, moreover, analysed within the context of an international economy, evolving through four eras (or orders) of mercantilism (1415–1846), liberalism (1846–1914), neo-mercantilism (1914–48), and decolonisation (1948–74). Our Introduction draws heavily upon six national case studies as well as discussions that took place at a conference in Madrid in 1997. We do not intend to cite particular contributions to the inferences and conclusions in this essay. Our views represent an elaboration upon and an interpretation of the articles that follow.


10.28945/2417 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cartelli ◽  
Luisa Miglio ◽  
Marco Palma

After a short introduction on media evolution and their implications on human history the paper presents the results of two experiences held by the authors while using new technologies in disseminating bibliographical and historical information. The former experience concerns the Web publication of a bibliography on Beneventan manuscripts and arises from the need of overcoming the long edition times of printed information. It also proposes itself as an online resource for all researchers involved in studies on the South Italian book script in the Middle Ages. The latter one originates from most recent studies on women copyists in the Middle Ages and uses an online database to spread news on this subject. The paper then analyzes analogies and differences between the two experiences and suggests, at last, they can be seen as a source of online information for scholars, thus representing a first step towards the construction of new paradigms of knowledge and research in historical studies.


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