Introduction: Words, Language, Message

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonatan Mendel ◽  
Abeer AlNajjar
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Written Expression ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
The Way

The Introduction, co-written by Yonatan Mendel and Abeer AlNajjar, highlights that language – including ones’ verbal and written expression, selected or forgotten terminology, vowels pronounced or not pronounced, and locations written on road signs – provides researchers with a nuanced, honest and deep analysis of society, of what it tells us and of what it keeps away from us. The authors highlight that for Yasir Suleiman, to whom the book is dedicated, and as seen in his extensive academic research, language deeply and profoundly exposes social and political realities. The authors therefore refer to language in its larger context, including the words which form the building blocks of language, the context in which such words are written and the phraseology selected, and to the way that the study of language may emerge as the ‘Black Box’ of human social and political journeys.

Memories for the Return? Remembering the Nakba by the First Generation of Palestinian Refugees in Syria

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaheed Al-Hardan
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Oslo Accords ◽  
Right Of Return ◽  
Palestinian Refugee ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
The Way

The 1948 Nakba has, in light of the 1993 Oslo Accords and Palestinian refugee activists' mobilisation around the right of return, taken on a new-found centrality and importance in Palestinian refugee communities. Closely-related to this, members of the ‘Generation of Palestine’, the only individuals who can recollect Nakba memories, have come to be seen as the guardians of memories that are eventually to reclaim the homeland. These historical, social and political realities are deeply rooted in the ways in which the few remaining members of the generation of Palestine recollect 1948. Moreover, as members of communities that were destroyed in Palestine, and whose common and temporal and spatial frameworks were non-linearly constituted anew in Syria, one of the multiples meanings of the Nakba today can be found in the way the refugee communities perceive and define this generation.

scholarly journals Reversed Proteolysis—Proteases as Peptide Ligases

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Peter Goettig
Keyword(s):  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Peptide Bond ◽  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Small Peptides ◽  
Natural Peptide ◽  
Peptide Esters ◽  
Natural Amino Acids

Historically, ligase activity by proteases was theoretically derived due to their catalyst nature, and it was experimentally observed as early as around 1900. Initially, the digestive proteases, such as pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin were employed to perform in vitro syntheses of small peptides. Protease-catalyzed ligation is more efficient than peptide bond hydrolysis in organic solvents, representing control of the thermodynamic equilibrium. Peptide esters readily form acyl intermediates with serine and cysteine proteases, followed by peptide bond synthesis at the N-terminus of another residue. This type of reaction is under kinetic control, favoring aminolysis over hydrolysis. Although only a few natural peptide ligases are known, such as ubiquitin ligases, sortases, and legumains, the principle of proteases as general catalysts could be adapted to engineer some proteases accordingly. In particular, the serine proteases subtilisin and trypsin were converted to efficient ligases, which are known as subtiligase and trypsiligase. Together with sortases and legumains, they turned out to be very useful in linking peptides and proteins with a great variety of molecules, including biomarkers, sugars or building blocks with non-natural amino acids. Thus, these engineered enzymes are a promising branch for academic research and for pharmaceutical progress.

scholarly journals Explainable AI: A Review of Machine Learning Interpretability Methods

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Pantelis Linardatos ◽  
Vasilis Papastefanopoulos ◽  
Sotiris Kotsiantis
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Industrial Adoption ◽  
Machine Learning Models ◽  
The Way

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to its widespread industrial adoption, with machine learning systems demonstrating superhuman performance in a significant number of tasks. However, this surge in performance, has often been achieved through increased model complexity, turning such systems into “black box” approaches and causing uncertainty regarding the way they operate and, ultimately, the way that they come to decisions. This ambiguity has made it problematic for machine learning systems to be adopted in sensitive yet critical domains, where their value could be immense, such as healthcare. As a result, scientific interest in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), a field that is concerned with the development of new methods that explain and interpret machine learning models, has been tremendously reignited over recent years. This study focuses on machine learning interpretability methods; more specifically, a literature review and taxonomy of these methods are presented, as well as links to their programming implementations, in the hope that this survey would serve as a reference point for both theorists and practitioners.

Introductory lectures to the course of mechanics given by professor S.E. Khaykin in 30-s and 40-s of XX-th century (retrospective pedagogic analysis)

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Aleksei Aleksandrovich Yakuta ◽  
Aleksandr Sergeevich Iliushin ◽  
Ekaterina Valerevna Yakuta
Keyword(s):  
Academic Career ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Science Museum ◽  
Educational Objectives ◽  
Xxth Century ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Way

The article is aimed at the retrospective pedagogic analysis of introductory lectures to the course of Mechanics given in 1934, 1937 and 1945 at the department of Physics in MSU by an outstanding educator professor Semen E. Khaykin. It is the frst attempt to carry out academic research of the author’s introductory lectures to the course of Mechanics by professor Khaykin from the Science Museum at the Department of Physics in MSU. The article provides an overview of the contents of each leсture, examines their major peculiarities and reveals specifc educational objectives professor Khaykin addressed in his course. The author of the article analyses the physical phenomena introduced in the lectures and studies the way material arrangement changed with the time. The author compares the series of introductory lectures to reveal the differences and makes an attempt to explain them by the social and political processes that took place in the country in the 30-s and the 40-s of the XXth century and affected the life and academic career of S. E. Khaykin.

scholarly journals THE ONE WHO MADE THE LOCK ALSO MADE THE KEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (45) ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
James Martel
Keyword(s):  
Thomas Hobbes ◽  
State Power ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Human Community ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

In this essay, I look at the way that Thomas Hobbes offers not only the building blocks for state power and sovereignty (as he is so famous for doing) but also a basis by which to resist those very things. Even as Hobbes constructs a vast and awe inspiring network of sovereign forms of authority, he shows how those forms are produced, in a sense, out of thin air. Hobbes’ understanding of language as a series of decisions that are made in ways that render the sovereign’s own decision derivative, as well as his understanding of theology as offering us a vision of a human community who must collectively decide on things in the absence of God’s ongoing instruction both serve to undermine and expose the emptiness of sovereign pronouncements. In this way, Hobbes can be read as a radical theorist and a theorist of resisting the very encryption that he is at the same time responsible for theorizing and producing.

scholarly journals Disrupting the Digital: An Architecture of Parts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mollie Claypool ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Digital Fabrication ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Digital Design ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
The Way

The paper ascribes to a belief that architecture should be wholly digital – from the scale of the micron and particle to the brick, beam and building, from design to fabrication or construction. This embodies a fundamental and disruptive shift in architecture and design thinking that is unique to the project images included, enabling design to become more inclusive, participatory and open-source. Architecture that is wholly digital requires a radical rethinking of existing design and building practices. Thes projects described in this paper each develops a set of parts in relationship to a specific digital fabrication technology. These parts are defined as open-ended, universal and versatile building blocks, with a digital logic of connectivity. Each physical part has a malefemale connection which is the equivalent of the 0 and 1 in digital data. The design possibilities – or the way that parts can combine and aggregate – can be defined by the geometry and therefore, design agency, of the piece itself. This discrete method advances a theoretical argument about the nature of digital design as needing to be fundamentally discrete, and at the same time responding to ideas coming from open-source, distributed modes methods of production. Furthermore it responds to today’s housing crisis, providing for a more democratic and equitable framework for the production of housing. To think of architecture as wholly digital is to substantially disrupt the way that we think about design, authorship, ownership and process, as well as the building technologies and practices we use in contemporary architectural production.

scholarly journals Same but Different: Chaos and TV Drama Narratives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alison McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Narrative Form ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Narrative Strategies ◽  
Fundamental Level ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Basic Level ◽  
Mathematics And Science ◽  
The Way

<p>Complexity is a term that is now commonly used when discussing TV serial dramas and the way that, in recent years, creators and producers of this narrative form have embraced innovative and challenging strategies to tell their stories. As a result, it is also often argued that all TV serial dramas are strikingly different from one another; one of the few things that contemporary TV serial dramas have in common is their employment of complex narrative strategies. However, in this thesis, I argue that—while serial dramas are different from one another in many ways—they are also all the same at a fundamental level.  In order to examine the fundamental narrative components that all serial dramas employ, I use chaos as a framework. Chaos is a branch of mathematics and science which examines systems that display unpredictable behaviour that is actually determined by deep structures of order and stability. At its most basic level, chaos corresponds with the way in which serial dramas are both complex and simple at the same time; beneath the complexity of serial dramas are fundamental building blocks that are used to generate innovative, challenging and unpredictable narratives.  I apply the findings from my critical examination of chaos and TV drama narratives to the creation of my own TV projects, which employ the inherent structures and patterns of TV drama narratives in a way that produces innovative and complex stories. In doing so, I intend to highlight the potential of serial dramas to be endlessly creative yet consistently the same.</p>

Gallium−Gallium Bonds as Key Building Blocks for the Formation of Large Organometallic Macrocycles, on the Way to a Mesoporous Molecule

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Uhl ◽  
Anna-Christina Fick ◽  
Thomas Spies ◽  
Gertraud Geiseler ◽  
Klaus Harms
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Way

On the Way from Schleiermacher to Barth: A Critical Reappraisal of Isaak August Dorner's Essay on Divine Immutability

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Gockel
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Karl Barth ◽  
Reciprocal Relation ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Doctrine Of God ◽  
Historical Life ◽  
The Way

The theme of this article is the reconstruction of the doctrine of God offered by the German theologian and historian of doctrine Isaak August Dorner (1809–84), in his treatise ‘On the Proper Conception of the Doctrine of God's Immutability, with Special Reference to the Reciprocal Relation between God's Suprahistorical and Historical Life.’ Although the theme of God's immutability has received wide attention in the last years, Dorner's essay has gone largely unnoticed, and its contribution to the current debate still awaits appreciation. The following argument shall provide some building-blocks for this goal. It presupposes that Dorner's theology was shaped in dialogue with the thought of Schelling, Hegel, and Schleiermacher, but it will extend this perspective and ask for the particular systematic-theological link between Schleiermacher and Karl Barth that Dorner's essay represents.

scholarly journals Chestnut-crowned babbler calls are composed of meaningless shared building blocks

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (39) ◽  
pp. 19579-19584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Engesser ◽  
Jennifer L. Holub ◽  
Louis G. O’Neill ◽  
Andrew F. Russell ◽  
Simon W. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Combinatorial System ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Combinatorial Strategy ◽  
Recent Idea ◽  
The Way

A core component of human language is its combinatorial sound system: meaningful signals are built from different combinations of meaningless sounds. Investigating whether nonhuman communication systems are also combinatorial is hampered by difficulties in identifying the extent to which vocalizations are constructed from shared, meaningless building blocks. Here we present an approach to circumvent this difficulty and show that a pair of functionally distinct chestnut-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps) vocalizations can be decomposed into perceptibly distinct, meaningless entities that are shared across the 2 calls. Specifically, by focusing on the acoustic distinctiveness of sound elements using a habituation-discrimination paradigm on wild-caught babblers under standardized aviary conditions, we show that 2 multielement calls are composed of perceptibly distinct sounds that are reused in different arrangements across the 2 calls. Furthermore, and critically, we show that none of the 5 constituent elements elicits functionally relevant responses in receivers, indicating that the constituent sounds do not carry the meaning of the call and so are contextually meaningless. Our work, which allows combinatorial systems in animals to be more easily identified, suggests that animals can produce functionally distinct calls that are built in a way superficially reminiscent of the way that humans produce morphemes and words. The results reported lend credence to the recent idea that language’s combinatorial system may have been preceded by a superficial stage where signalers neither needed to be cognitively aware of the combinatorial strategy in place, nor of its building blocks.

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