Blackhill: Out of the Slums

Scheming ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Seán Damer
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Slum Dwellers

This chapter traces the development of Blackhill, a scheme built under the provisions of the 1935 Housing Act which was aimed specifically at slum-clearance. Blackhill was built in an environmentally-challenged location, and its pioneer tenants were very poor slum-dwellers. Consequently the tenants were overwhelmingly unskilled manual workers on low-income – if they were working. It was characterised by a rumbustious culture of survival, which involved heavy drinking, thieving and gangs. This resulted in the scheme being stigmatised, but it also contained a vibrant community-spirit.

scholarly journals Economics of healthcare access in low-income and middle-income countries: a protocol for a scoping review of the economic impacts of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers compared with other city residents

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e045441
Author(s):  
Noemia Teixeira de Siqueira-Filha ◽  
Jinshuo Li ◽  
Eliud Kibuchi ◽  
Zahidul Quayyum ◽  
Penelope Phillips-Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Purchase Power Parity ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Scoping Reviews

IntroductionPeople living in slums face several challenges to access healthcare. Scarce and low-quality public health facilities are common problems in these communities. Costs and prevalence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) have also been reported as high in studies conducted in slums in developing countries and those suffering from chronic conditions and the poorest households seem to be more vulnerable to financial hardship. The COVID-19 pandemic may be aggravating the economic impact on the extremely vulnerable population living in slums due to the long-term consequences of the disease. The objective of this review is to report the economic impact of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers in terms of costs and CHE. We will compare the economic impact on slum-dwellers with other city residents.Methods and analysisThis scoping review adopts the framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley. The review is part of the accountability and responsiveness of slum-dwellers (ARISE) research consortium, which aims to enhance accountability to improve the health and well-being of marginalised populations living in slums in India, Bangladesh, Sierra Leone and Kenya. Costs of accessing healthcare will be updated to 2020 prices using the inflation rates reported by the International Monetary Fund. Costs will be presented in International Dollars by using purchase power parity. The prevalence of CHE will also be reported.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for scoping reviews. We will disseminate our results alongside the events organised by the ARISE consortium and international conferences. The final manuscript will be submitted to an open-access international journal. Registration number at the Research Registry: reviewregistry947.

scholarly journals Childhood Sanitation Practices and Incidence of Diarrhea in Slum Communities With Implications for Community-Based Education in Less Developed Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akpovire B Oduaran ◽  
Okechukwu Stephen Chukwudeh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Community Based Education ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Slum Dwellers

Abstract Background Diarrhoea is a major cause of mortality among under-five children, especially in less developed countries. Previous studies on childhood diarrhoea have largely focused on biomedical methods with little attention given to community-based approach to reduce the prevalence of the disease in the slums, classified in literature among areas of high diarrhoea incidence. The key question is does childhood sanitation practices influence the incidence of diarrhea? This study, was therefore, designed to examine the association between childhood sanitation practices and incidence of diarrhea using community-based approach.Methods The value beliefs and planned behavior theories were adopted as framework, while cross-sectional survey was use to elicit data from 900 mothers of under-five children who had lived in the study locations for at least 12 months preceding the research and 10 In-depth interviews was conducted.Results There was a positive significant association between defecating with unimproved toilet facilities (χ2=42.167, p<0.05), cleaning buttocks with inappropriate materials (χ2=4.274, p<0.05), disposing faeces around household environments (χ2=10.542, p<0.05), and childhood diarrhea. The odds was higher among children whose mothers had no education (OR=1.560), widow (OR=5.542), poor (OR=1.556), and children that defecates with unhygienic toilet facilities (OR=7.806).Conclusion Community perceptions interact with poverty to influence unhygienic toilet practices in the slums. This has negative health implications on the lives of low-income and vulnerable slum dwellers. Thus, community-based education on improved sanitary practices is necessary to reduce diarrhoea prevalence.

Impact of Mobile Payment Applications and Transfers on Business

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-189
Author(s):  
Gladys Wanjiku Thuita
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Mobile Banking ◽  
Business Growth ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Mobile Money ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
And Training

Despite Kenya having over 40 banks, only three banks are accessible to the residents of Kibera Slum. Kibera Slum is located on the outskirts of Nairobi and is home to approximately 0.75 million people. A majority of the population in Kibera Slum comprises of either unemployed or casually employed adults whose income levels are considerably low, making it impossible for many of them to operate formal bank accounts. However, the evolution of mobile money technologies has made financial inclusion and innovation possible for Kibera Slum residents. The mobile-banking facility known as M-Pesa enables mobile money remittances and has an outstanding record of financial inclusion and innovation. The objective of this research was therefore to examine financial inclusion and innovation in the Kibera Slum. The study used self-administered questionnaires to answer to two objectives. The study found out that M-Pesa services are accessible and widely used in Kibera Slum. The study also found that M-Pesa business is rated average as a source of income to M-Pesa agent. Ultimately, the study observed that financial inclusion and financial innovation are prevalent in Kibera Slum. These findings have significant implications: the study sheds light on the fact that the slum dwellers have embraced the use of M-Pesa services as a platform to access financial services, establishing more innovative financial services that will help the low income earners expand their businesses and training M-Pesa agents will enhance sustainable business growth and promote innovation.

scholarly journals Convergence of Home-based Enterprises with Domestic Spaces: Evidence from Dhaka Neighborhoods

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Afrin ◽  
Sohel Rana ◽  
Abubakar Danladi Isah ◽  
Reazul Ahsan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Domestic Spaces ◽  
Space Management ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Survival Pattern ◽  
Housing Attributes

This research inspects the utilization of domestic space management in marginalized slums of Bangladesh towards comprehending the contribution of urban poor women’s informal employment as a private initiative. The components that influence the physical association of “home-based enterprises” (HBEs) spaces and its quality are assessed concerning the survival pattern of the low-income occupants. Further, the neighborhood and housing attributes, cultural and social, and the financial status of individuals living in slums are analyzed by in-depth interviews with questionnaires. A stratified random sampling method was used to choose 44 households in two notable neighborhoods in Dhaka City. Data was elicited through focus groups of inhabitants using qualitative research method. Thus, structured and open-ended interviews were conducted with household female members who are 18 years and above while participant observation at moderate level ensured the trustworthiness of the data. The differences observed quality and features of spaces in those settlements inhabited by the slum dwellers gave insight on the factors. The study discovered the prospect of women’s domestic spaces of home-based work in their dwelling spaces. Thereafter, the research recommends that future interferences should counter critically to the event of participation and strife contributing towards uplifting women’s situation inside a specific dwelling.

scholarly journals Slum, Development in Yogyakarta City 1970-2000

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djaka Marwasta
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Aerial Photos ◽  
Continuous Type ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Yogyakarta City

Slum, a dwelling that is statutorily unfit for human habitation, is still the big problem in, especially, cities of developing countries. This article highlights the development of slums in Yogyakarta City along 1970-2000, and it’s merely focused on spatial and socio-ecological development. The aims of the study is to analyze the distribution and development process of slum dwellings. Distribution of slum area is taken from interpretation of time-series aerial photos. The change of extent and distribution of slum is analyzed using Geographic Information System. To obtain the socio-economic characteristics of slum dwellers, the survey method is chosen. The respondent are selected randomly among head of household that represent each settlement units. Quality of settlement are determined by total score of 15 selected variables. The result shows that the first category of slum was increased 74.4 hectares from year 1970 to 2000, the second category was increased 47.6 hectares, and the third was 131.1 hectares. Nevertheless, the process of slum development in Yogyakarta City includes in "continuous" type, which slowly and long period of creation. Densification and aging process is two of the main causes of slum expansion. Distribution of slum unit were driven by rivers that next to city center. According to this research, it’s found out that the slum dwellers are characterized by the new migrant who had low income and education, working in the informal sector, and renting the house.

scholarly journals Critical Analysis of Slum Tourism: A Retrospective on Bangalore

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Neha Itty Jose Paul
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Travel Agents ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Slumdog Millionaire ◽  
Slum Tourism ◽  
Potential Customers ◽  
Poverty Tourism

Slum tourism is a relatively unknown and controversial niche tourism segment. This form of tourism is mainly found in small pockets around the so-called third world. Slum tourism is famous in the Kibera slum in Nairobi and the Rochina slum in Rio de Janeiro. The largest slum in Asia, the Dharavi slum, became popular notably through the release of the Oscar-winning movie “Slumdog Millionaire” which highlighted the slum in Mumbai and thus brought the much-needed limelight on slum tourism otherwise known as poverty tourism. Slum tourism is the act of visiting low-income settlements also known as Favelas or simply as slums. Slum tourism has received mixed reviews of both a positive and negative character. A negative approach due to the very reason of it being seen as a means of showcasing the poor for the benefit of inquisitive tourists and critics say this form of tourism is voyeuristic and leads to the ill-treatment of slum dwellers. However, slum tourism can also lead to positive outcomes if managed in a sustainable manner it can develop employment opportunities for the slum dwellers. This paper deals with whether or not slum tourism has the potential of being developed in Bangalore, to find out if the much hype about slum tourism in Mumbai has created any demand for this niche market in Bangalore. A quantitative research methodology is used to investigate the matter. A survey and correlation analysis were conducted to delve into slum tours perspective of customers and travel agents of Bangalore. Findings of the study reveal that the potential customers or tourists are keen on taking such tours where as travel agents do not conduct slum tours as the profit margins are low.

Environmental Policy in Thailand: Values, Attitudes, and Behavior among the Slum Dwellers of Bangkok

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Daniere ◽  
L M Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Contemporary governments have an important role in promoting economic development and at the same time improving the quality of life experienced by its people, but in many nations of the Pacific Rim governments can be hampered by the pace of the rapid urbanization, as well as poor understanding of the connection between values, attitudes, and behavior regarding public policy initiatives. In this paper the authors, through an analysis of the relationship between traditional Thai cultural values, attitudes, and behavior regarding environmental issues, health and environmental practices, and policy, explore whether environmental policies in Thailand effectively reflect the needs of low-income urban communities. A survey of 515 slum dwellers in Bangkok reveals that behavior which improves the quality of life is related to a number of important attitudes as well as cultural values. Cultural values based on the Thai notion of individualism, for example, are an obstacle to community-based environmental behavior, An understanding of cultural values and their linkages to attitudes and behavior is thus critical to the design of more effective policies.

The latrine ownership ladder

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Appiah Obeng ◽  
Bernard Keraita ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Henrik Bregnhøj ◽  
Robert C. Abaidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Slum Dwellers ◽  
Development Goals

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the latrine ownership ladder as a conceptual policy framework to enhance sanitation uptake in low-income peri-urban areas. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws from literature and a case study in a Ghanaian peri-urban community to highlight the challenges that undermine sanitation uptake in low-income peri-urban areas and the prospects of various levels of facility sharing as conceived in the latrine ownership ladder approach. Findings – The authors argue that the infrastructural and other socio-economic challenges of low-income peri-urban areas prevent some households from acquiring their own latrines. For such households, a more responsive approach to latrine promotion and prevention of open defecation would be the recognition of shared ownership regimes such as co-tenant shared, neighbourhood shared and community shared, in addition to the promotion of household latrines. The paper identifies provision of special concessions for peri-urban areas in policy formulation, education and technical support to households, regulation and enforcement of sanitation by-laws among complimentary policy interventions to make the latrine ownership ladder approach more effective. Originality/value – The paper provides an insight into the debate on redefining improved sanitation in the post-2015 era of the Millennium Development Goals and offers policy alternatives to policy makers in low-income countries seeking to accelerate the uptake of improved latrines among peri-urban and urban slum dwellers.

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