Critical Legal issues in the Nigerian Gas to Power Contractual Arrangements

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-181
Author(s):  
Olanrewaju Aladeitan ◽  
Obiageli Phina Anaghara-Uzor
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
Base Load ◽  
Gas Supply

The natural gas and power sectors are pivotal sectors of the Nigerian economy with reflective effect on its gross domestic product. The Federal Government in its gas revolution agenda is taking giant strides to reposition the sector to more adequately harness its abundant natural gas resources and ensure availability of natural gas to the domestic market with the gas supply to the power sector being regulated to build base load volumes to ensure stable electricity supply to its citizens. The synergic connection of the gas and power sectors can only validly exist upon legitimate contractual arrangements such as the gas sale and purchase agreement, the gas transport agreement and the gas sale aggregation agreement which is unique to Nigerian domestic gas industry. Out of these arrangements flow pertinent legal issues which define clearly the relations between the parties. This paper therefore throws more light on some of these salient issues which arise pursuant to the respective agreements. It is hoped that this discourse would guide and further facilitate a deeper understanding of these critical terms.

Analysis of the Application of Blockchain Technology in the Field of Supply Chain Finance in the Natural Gas Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Zhang ◽  
Fuping Wang ◽  
Yongsong Pu ◽  
Pu Li ◽  
Yingkai Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Organizational Innovation ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Supply Chain Finance ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Financial Framework ◽  
Gas Supply

Abstract After China's supply chain finance business has gradually matured in the consumer finance field, it has begun to extend to the industrial finance field. As a branch of industrial finance, the natural gas industry supply chain finance business has gradually developed, and the number of participants has gradually increased. The article mainly introduces the development status of natural gas supply chain financial services in China. Research has found that there are still many problems in the current industry development, such as the inability of effective collaboration among participants, and the inability to unify logistics, information flow, capital flow and energy flow in the industry. On this basis, the article studies the methods of blockchain technology to solve corresponding problems, and proposes the application ideas of blockchain technology in the field of natural gas supply chain finance, hoping to promote development by constructing a business model business architecture and technical architecture, This model can produce significant economic and social benefits, has a high theoretical feasibility, but there is no concrete examples at present. Finally, suggestions are made in five aspects, including strengthening the design of top-level systems, incorporating energy flows into the supply chain financial framework system, creating an open innovation atmosphere, enhancing technological progress, strengthening core corporate social responsibility, and promoting core corporate organizational innovation.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL SEAM GAS IN EASTERN QUEENSLAND

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 329 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Baker ◽  
W.R. Skerman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Coal Seam ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
Coal Seam Gas ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Company Limited ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Gas Supply

The commercial production of coal seam gas [CSG] in Australia is only a decade old. Over the last 10 years it has become a significant part of the Australian gas industry, particularly in Queensland where about 31 PJ or 30% of all natural gas used in the State was recovered from coal seams in eastern Queensland. In 2005 CSG was expected to have supplied 55 PJ or 44 % of the eastern Queensland gas demand. The mining, mineral processing and power generations in northwest Queensland, serviced by the Carpentaria Gas Pipeline, will continue to use gas from the Cooper-Eromanga Basin.The CSG industry is reaching a stage of maturity following the commissioning of a number of fields while some significant new projects are either in the commissioning phase or under development. By the end of 2008 CSG production in Queensland is expected to reach 150 PJ per year, the quantity needed to meet Gas Supply Agreements for CSG that are presently in place.Certified Proved and Probable (2P) gas reserves at 30 June 2005 in eastern Queensland were calculated to be 4,579 PJ, of which 4,283 PJ were CSG. Gas reserves (2P) for eastern Queensland a decade earlier were less than 100 PJ with those for CSG being less than 5 PJ.The coal seam gas industry in both the Bowen and Surat basins—which includes major gas producers such as Origin Energy Limited and Santos Limited along with smaller producers such as Arrow Energy NL, CH4 Gas Limited, Molopo Australia Limited and Queensland Gas Company Limited—is now accepted by major gas users as being suppliers of another reliable source of natural gas.

On the climate benefit of a coal-to-gas shift in Germany’s electric power sector

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Ladage ◽  
Martin Blumenberg ◽  
Dieter Franke ◽  
Andreas Bahr ◽  
Rüdiger Lutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Electric Power Sector ◽  
Gas Supply

Abstract Methane emissions along the natural gas supply chain are critical for the climate benefit achievable by fuel switching from coal to natural gas in the electric power sector. For Germany, one of the world’s largest primary energy consumers, we conducted fleet-conversion modelling taking domestic and export country specific emissions in the natural gas and coal chains into account. Methane leakage rates below 4.9 % (GWP20; immediate 4.1 %) in the natural gas supply chain lead to overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by fuel shifting from lignite and hard coal to natural gas. Reported supply chain methane emissions for Germany’s natural gas mix are with < < 1 % leakage rates well below this Germany-specific break-even leakage rate. Even a potential supply by U.S.-American liquefied natural gas to Germany would not exceed this critical rate. Supply chain emission scenarios demonstrate that a complete shift to natural gas would emit 30–55 % less greenhouse gases than from the coal mix. However, further abating supply chain methane emissions in the oil and gas sector should remain a prime effort, when considering natural gas as bridge fuel on the path to achieve the Paris climate goals.

scholarly journals On the climate benefit of a coal-to-gas shift in Germany’s electric power sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Ladage ◽  
Martin Blumenberg ◽  
Dieter Franke ◽  
Andreas Bahr ◽  
Rüdiger Lutz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Fuel Switching ◽  
Electric Power Sector ◽  
Gas Supply

AbstractMethane emissions along the natural gas supply chain are critical for the climate benefit achievable by fuel switching from coal to natural gas in the electric power sector. For Germany, one of the world’s largest primary energy consumers, with a coal and natural gas share in the power sector of 35% and 13%, respectively, we conducted fleet-conversion modelling for reference year 2018, taking domestic and export country specific greenhouse gas (GHG)-emissions in the natural gas and coal supply chains into account. Methane leakage rates below 4.9% (GWP20; immediate 4.1%) in the natural gas supply chain lead to overall reduction of CO2-equivalent GHG-emissions by fuel switching. Supply chain methane emissions vary significantly for the import countries Russia, Norway and The Netherlands, yet for Germany’s combined natural gas mix lie with << 1% far below specific break-even leakage rates. Supply chain emission scenarios demonstrate that a complete shift to natural gas would emit 30–55% (GWP20 and GWP100, respectively) less CO2-equivalent GHG than from the coal mix. However, further abating methane emissions in the petroleum sector should remain a prime effort, when considering natural gas as bridge fuel on the path to achieve the Paris climate goals.

scholarly journals Impact of regional aspects on the assessment of natural gas consumption by industrial facilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 ◽  
pp. 06009
Author(s):  
Vladimir Koksharov ◽  
Irina Kirshina
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Consumption ◽  
Reliable Power Supply ◽  
Gas Supply

The gas industry in the modern Russian economy is of great significance both at the at the national level as a whole and on the scale of a particular region. The task of ensuring reliable power supply to the population is enshrined in the framework of the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period until 2035. Gasification of the regions of Russia is one of the large-scale and socially significant areas of work in the domestic market, within the framework of which the task of providing energy to consumers is being solved. At the same time, the current problem of slowing down the demand for natural gas by industrial consumers in the country should be noted. An attempt to explain the behavior of natural gas demand determined the relevance, purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study conducted by the authors is to study the peculiarities of the influence of regional aspects on the assessment of natural gas consumption by industrial facilities. The authors analyzed the complex of existing problems, and proposed a unified classification of natural gas consumption factors in order to solve this problem.The classification of natural gas consumption factors proposed by the authors can be considered in the development of General schemes of gas supply and gasification of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, programs for the development of gas supply and gasification of regions.

scholarly journals Does Increasing Natural Gas Demand in the Power Sector Pose a Threat of Congestion to the German Gas Grid? A Model-Coupling Approach

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Hauser ◽  
Sina Heidari ◽  
Christoph Weber ◽  
Dominik Möst
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Network Model ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Gas Networks ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Gas Supply

This study aims to investigate the possible congestion in the German natural gas system, which may arise due to an increase in the gas consumption in the power sector in extreme weather events. For this purpose, we develop a two-stage approach to couple an electricity model and a natural gas network model. In this approach, we model the electricity system in the first stage to determine the gas demand in the power sector. We then use the calculated gas demand to model gas networks in the second stage, where we deploy a newly developed gas network model. As a case study, we primarily evaluate our methodological approach by re-simulating the cold weather event in 2012, which is seen as an extreme situation for the gas grids, challenging the security of supply. Accordingly, we use our coupled model to investigate potential congestion in the natural gas networks for the year 2030, using a scenario of a sustainable energy transition, where an increase in the gas consumption in the power industry is likely. Results for 2030 show a 51% increase in yearly gas demand in the power industry compared to 2012. Further, the simulation results show a gas supply interruption in two nodes in 2012. In 2030, the same nodes may face an (partial) interruption of gas supply in cold winter days such as the 6th of February 2012. In this day, the load shedding in the natural gas networks can increase up to 19 GWhth in 2030. We also argue that the interrupted electricity production, due to local gas interruptions, can easily be compensated by other power plants. However, these local gas interruptions may endanger the local heat production.

scholarly journals Modelling gas supply systems with a high role of autonomous consumers (the case of Mongolia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 05010
Author(s):  
Darya Maksakova ◽  
Sergei Popov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Infrastructure System ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Northeast Asian ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Gas Supply

The paper presents a tool to optimize gas infrastructure systems and analyses some aspects of modelling related to autonomous gas consumers. A model of national gas infrastructure creation in Mongolia is proposed. The model is linked with the model of the regional Northeast Asian gas market and the financial models of gas infrastructure facilities. The model determines the optimal design of the national gas infrastructure system, i.e. the number of the facilities, their capacities, locations and the transport modes for connecting the consumption centres. The role of autonomous consumers is considered by introducing the demand for liquefied natural gas separately from the demand for pipeline gas. The scope of the model application is demonstrated by an illustrative example. The results show the rational natural gas import and distribution patterns. The need for expanding the energy cooperation between Mongolia and the other Northeast Asian countries to create gas industry in Mongolia is highlighted.

Finding Fault with the Nexus Pipeline? Agency Capture and the Public Good

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Kear
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Environmental Impact Statement ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Regulatory Commission

Natural gas is an increasingly vital U.S. energy source that is presently being tapped and transported across state and international boundaries. Controversy engulfs natural gas, from the hydraulic fracturing process used to liberate it from massive, gas-laden Appalachian shale deposits, to the permitting and construction of new interstate pipelines bringing it to markets. This case explores the controversy flowing from the proposed 256-mile-long interstate Nexus pipeline transecting northern Ohio, southeastern Michigan and terminating at the Dawn Hub in Ontario, Canada. As the lead agency regulating and permitting interstate pipelines, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is also tasked with mitigating environmental risks through the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act's Environmental Impact Statement process. Pipeline opponents assert that a captured federal agency ignores public and scientific input, inadequately addresses public health and safety risks, preempts local control, and wields eminent domain powers at the expense of landowners, cities, and everyone in the pipeline path. Proponents counter that pipelines are the safest means of transporting domestically abundant, cleaner burning, affordable gas to markets that will boost local and regional economies and serve the public good. Debates over what constitutes the public good are only one set in a long list of contentious issues including pipeline safety, proposed routes, property rights, public voice, and questions over the scientific and democratic validity of the Environmental Impact Statement process. The Nexus pipeline provides a sobering example that simple energy policy solutions and compromise are elusive—effectively fueling greater conflict as the natural gas industry booms.

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