Lost Alternatives to Council Housing? An Examination of Stirling's Alternative Housing Initiatives, c. 1906–1939

This article aims to examine possible alternatives to the first wave of council-house building in Scotland. Alternative approaches to deal with Scotland's housing problem are considered and the reasons for their failure to compete with council housing are considered. The Burgh of Stirling has been chosen because its politics suggest that it may have been less enthusiastic about building council houses and more amenable to exploring alternative solutions. Three ‘alternatives’ are discussed. The first was the Homesteads experiment, which, immediately prior to the First World War, successfully built a small number of houses with adjacent land on which the occupants grew food for themselves. The second experiment was a limited project by the Town Council, devised just before 1914, of demolition and widening a single street in the old town, which sought to encourage private companies to build replacement tenements. The third undertaking was the Thistle Trust, which sought to preserve the medieval dwellings huddled around Stirling Castle.

Download Full-text

Homage to Dr med. Božidar Kostić

Journal of Medical Biography ◽

10.1177/0967772020974583 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096777202097458

Author(s):

Božidar Pocevski ◽

Prim. Predrag Pocevski ◽

Lidija Horvat

Keyword(s):

Great Success ◽

World War ◽

The People ◽

The First World War ◽

Medical Faculties ◽

Medical University ◽

Independent Work ◽

The Town ◽

Second World ◽

First World

Dr Božidar Kostić (1892–1960) – physician of noble heart – was born in Niš (Kingdom of Serbia) in a distinguished family of academically educated parents. As there were no medical faculties in Kingdom of Serbia, after high school, which he had finished with great success, in 1911 he enrolled at the Graz University of Medicine, a prestigious medical university. Soon he transferred to the Faculty of Medicine at Charles University in Prague, where he continued his studying for another ten semesters. In Prague, The Golden City, after the First World War, he finished his studies with an average grade of 10. After the Second World War, he worked as a doctor with a private medical practice in Belgrade, but soon he moved to Vranje, where he established the Town Polyclinic and contributed to the final flourishing of the most important forms of health care activities in liberated Vranje, donating his rich knowledge and skills, which led the health service to move to forms of independent work and development of new activities. For his contribution to the community, by decree of His Majesty King of Yugoslavia Alexander I Karađorđević, he received the Order of Saint Sava. Dr Božidar Kostić and his wife Pravda devoted their lives to the health and educational upbringing of the people in the south parts of Serbia (then Social Federative Republic of Yugoslavia). Until his last days he lived and worked as a true folk doctor.

Download Full-text

Jews in Lithuania between the Two World Wars

The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781906764395.003.0008 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 253-273

Author(s):

Antony Polonsky

Keyword(s):

Land Reform ◽

Intellectual Life ◽

World War ◽

Farming Community ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Anti Jewish ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Town ◽

First World

This chapter addresses the position of Jews in Lithuania between the two world wars. Although the history of inter-war Lithuania reveals many political failures, it is clear that, even during the authoritarian period, civil society continued to develop. Illiteracy was largely eradicated and impressive advances were made in social and intellectual life. In addition, land reform created a prosperous farming community whose products made up the bulk of the country's exports. The first years of Lithuanian independence were marked by a far-reaching experiment in Jewish autonomy. The experiment attracted wide attention across the Jewish world and was taken as a model by some Jewish politicians in Poland. Jewish autonomy also seemed to be in the interests of Lithuanians. The bulk of the Lithuanian lands remained largely agricultural until the First World War. Relations between Jews, who were the principal intermediaries between the town and manor and the countryside, and the mainly peasant Lithuanians took the form of a hostile symbiosis. This relationship was largely peaceful, and anti-Jewish violence was rare, although, as elsewhere, the relationship was marked by mutual contempt.

Download Full-text

2. IR as an Academic Subject

Introduction to International Relations ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198803577.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 33-66

Author(s):

Robert Jackson ◽

Georg Sørensen ◽

Jørgen Møller

Keyword(s):

International Political Economy ◽

First World War ◽

Good Theory ◽

World War ◽

The Third ◽

Academic Subject ◽

The First World War ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Traditional Approaches ◽

First World

This chapter examines how thinking about international relations (IR) has evolved since IR became an academic subject around the time of the First World War. The focus is on four established IR traditions: realism, liberalism, International Society, and International Political Economy (IPE). The chapter first considers three major debates that have arisen since IR became an academic subject at the end of the First World War: the first was between utopian liberalism and realism; the second between traditional approaches and behaviouralism; the third between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism. There is an emerging fourth debate, that between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives. The chapter concludes with an analysis of alternative approaches that challenge the established traditions of IR, and with a discussion about criteria for good theory in IR.

Download Full-text

2. IR as an Academic Subject

Introduction to International Relations ◽

10.1093/hepl/9780198707554.003.0002 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Jackson ◽

Georg Sørensen

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

International Political Economy ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The Third ◽

Academic Subject ◽

The First World War ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Traditional Approaches ◽

First World

Download Full-text

Workshops, Factories and Subcontractors in the Chinese Woolen Industry, 1880-1937

Revue de Synthèse ◽

10.1163/19552343-14000006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 140 (1-2) ◽

pp. 135-163

Author(s):

Carles Brasó Broggi

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

World War ◽

Private Companies ◽

Japanese Occupation ◽

Carpet Industry ◽

Urban Markets ◽

The First World War ◽

First World ◽

Yangzi Delta

Abstract This article discusses China’s attempts to industrialize from the late nineteenth century until the Japanese occupation of 1937. It focuses on the woollen industry and uses data from industrial investigations, market information and company archives. Several attempts to build a woollen industry from the 1880s to the end of the First World War failed. However, in the 1920s and 1930s some private companies in Tianjin, Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta succeeded in managing profitable woollen workshops and mills. An export-based carpet industry was developed in Tianjin while a network of workshops and integrated mills flourished in Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta to supply woollen goods for civilian clothing in the Chinese urban markets. This article aims to contribute to the debate of China’s late industrialization by looking at the structure of the woollen industry and its alignment with actual consumer demands.

Download Full-text

Szkoła na krańcu Galicji. Gimnazjum prywatne w Borszczowie 1909–1914

Rocznik Przemyski. Historia ◽

10.4467/24497347rph.21.004.14727 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (26) ◽

pp. 85-94

Author(s):

Maria Stinia

Keyword(s):

Local Community ◽

Medical Community ◽

World War ◽

Physical Effort ◽

Student Autonomy ◽

Polish People ◽

Short Period ◽

The First World War ◽

The Town ◽

First World

[A school on the outskirts of Galicia. The private gimnazjum in Borshchiv 1909–1914] The secondary school (gimnazjum) in the town of Borshchiv (Borszczów) was established in 1909. An important figure who took part in its creation was Count Tadeusz Czarkowski-Golejewski. Though the school had existed for a short period before the First World War, it utilized interesting educational solutions based on student autonomy, relationship with the parents and combining intellectual and physical effort. In the local community the school gave the incentive to develop regionalism. Due to a large number of auditors taking part in the lessons, and evening courses for girls, elements of co-education were introduced in the provinces. Co-operation with branches of the “Falcon” Polish Gymnastic Society as well as involvement of local medical community made it possible to popularize physical education and provide medical and hygienic supervision to a large group of young people. The pedagogical offer of the school was above all directed to Polish people from the town and its vicinity, which was evident in the changing ethnic and religious structures.

Download Full-text

Participation of nobles in the Country Assembly of the Bessarabian Governorate during the First World War

SUMY HISTORICAL AND ARCHIVAL JOURNAL ◽

10.21272/shaj.2020.i35.p.5 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 5-11

Author(s):

O.V. Zakharova

Keyword(s):

Russian Empire ◽

First World War ◽

Economic Security ◽

World War ◽

Important Place ◽

Town Council ◽

The First World War ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

The Town ◽

First World

This work is devoted to the issue of governorate zemstvos, to the consideration of issues that were resolved during the First World War, as well as to the study of the participation of nobles in the zemstvo governorate and county assembly. The abolition of serfdom was the reason for the creation of zemstvos. They were necessary for the exercise of local self-government in the administrative-territorial units of the Russian Empire. In the second half of the XIX – early XX century zemstvos had an important place in the social and economic development of all governorates of the Russian Empire, on which territory they were formed. All issues of social and economic security of the governorate were decided at the Governorate Zemstvo Assembly. Estimates of expected revenues and expenditures for the year were discussed at these meetings during the First World War. The issues of providing the necessary funding for the organization of work of zemstvo institutions, providing social security to the employees of zemstvo organizations were also considered. During the First World War, the issues related to the payment of social assistance to refugees and families of lower military ranks were added to the current ones. Qualified personnel were needed to ensure the work of the zemstvo bodies. They were representatives of the highest social class. The leaders of the County Zemstvo Assembly of the Bessarabian governorate held the positions of members of the town council in the Governorate Zemstvo Assembly. As a result of research based on the address-calendars of the Bessarabian governorate using statistical and chronological methods, it became known that the nobles held almost all the positions of members of the town council in the Governorate Zemstvo Assembly during the First World War. In 1914 and before the elections held in 1915, their number was 94.5%, and after the election of 1915, their number was already 94.1%. Upon the amendments in the legislation of the Russian Empire in 1890, the landowners, who were representatives of the small nobility, had the right to participate in the election of county members of the town council.

Download Full-text

From Flanders to Glanders

Stalin's Secret Weapon ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190928858.003.0009 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 129-136

Author(s):

Anthony Rimmington

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Biological Warfare ◽

Soviet Regime ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Red Army ◽

The Town ◽

First World

There is substantive evidence of the long-term integration of veterinary microbiological facilities within the USSR’s biological warfare programs. The initial impetus to this process were the concerns of the early Soviet regime over BW sabotage attacks by Germany in the First World War. In December 1918, the Red Army created its own military veterinary facility which was eventually transferred to Zagorsk. BW research also appears to have been pursued at a civil laboratory on Lisii Island close to the town of Vyshny Volochek.

Download Full-text

Pacific advantage: Wooden shipbuilding in British Columbia, Washington State and Oregon during the First World War

International Journal of Maritime History ◽

10.1177/0843871416678172 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 68-89

Author(s):

Chris Madsen

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

First World War ◽

Government Procurement ◽

Washington State ◽

World War ◽

Private Companies ◽

Cross Border ◽

Local Resources ◽

The First World War ◽

First World

This comparative overview assesses physical and cross-border factors behind wartime wooden shipbuilding in North America’s Pacific Northwest. Local resources, government procurement arrangements, private companies running shipyards, and types of workers building standard ships to a variety of designs are considered. Wooden shipbuilding, from a programme perspective, was soundly managed but delivered ships too late to have any real impact on the First World War.

Download Full-text

The Power of Pathos: James Burn Russell's Life in One Room and the Creation of Council Housing

The Scottish Historical Review ◽

10.3366/shr.2019.0381 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 98 (1) ◽

pp. 103-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James J. Smyth

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Social Darwinism ◽

World War ◽

Victorian Culture ◽

Political Beliefs ◽

The Arts ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

First World ◽

Council Housing

James Burn Russell's pamphlet, Life in One Room (1888), is almost certainly the best known and, as is argued here, the most influential published work in the history of social reform in modern Scotland. Regardless of Russell's own intentions and political beliefs Life in One Room became the default source for those who sought to promote housing for the working class and council housing in particular. It is remarkable just how often, and at what length, it was quoted in writings about and referenced in debates on housing before the first world war, during the war and after. This article seeks to identify the influence and attraction of Russell's pamphlet with particular reference to the author's opposition to social Darwinism and to its literary qualities. Russell's style was quintessentially Victorian but this is not to dismiss it as hopelessly sentimental. Informed by recent approaches to the history of Victorian culture and literature we can see how Russell, equally at home in the arts as in the sciences, consciously used sentimentalism or pathos to get his message across to the wider public.

Download Full-text