scholarly journals Do Early-Life Conditions Drive Variation in Senescence of Female Bighorn Sheep?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Pigeon ◽  
Julie Landes ◽  
Marco Festa-Bianchet ◽  
Fanie Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Early Life Conditions ◽  
Specific Variation

The rate of senescence may vary among individuals of a species according to individual life histories and environmental conditions. According to the principle of allocation, changes in mortality driven by environmental conditions influence how organisms allocate resources among costly functions. In several vertebrates, environmental conditions during early life impose trade-offs in allocation between early reproduction and maintenance. The effects of conditions experienced during early life on senescence, however, remain poorly documented in wild populations. We examined how several early-life environmental conditions affected reproductive and survival senescence in wild bighorn sheep. We found long-term effects of high population density at birth, precipitations during the winter before birth, and temperature during the winter following birth that decreased survival after 7 years of age. High temperature during the first summer and autumn of life and high Pacific decadal oscillation decreased reproductive success at old ages. However, harsh early-life environment did not influence the rate of senescence in either survival or reproduction. Contrary to our expectation, we found no trade-off between reproductive allocation prior to senescence and senescence. Our results do show that early-life environmental conditions are important drivers of later survival and reproductive success and contribute to intra-specific variation in late-life fitness, but not aging patterns. These conditions should therefore be considered when studying the mechanisms of senescence and the determinants of variation in both survival and reproductive senescence at older ages.

scholarly journals The influence of weather conditions during gestation on life histories in a wild Arctic ungulate

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1841) ◽  
pp. 20161760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Douhard ◽  
Leif Egil Loe ◽  
Audun Stien ◽  
Christophe Bonenfant ◽  
R. Justin Irvine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Svalbard Reindeer ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Age Related

The internal predictive adaptive response (internal PAR) hypothesis predicts that individuals born in poor conditions should start to reproduce earlier if they are likely to have reduced performance in later life. However, whether this is the case remains unexplored in wild populations. Here, we use longitudinal data from a long-term study of Svalbard reindeer to examine age-related changes in adult female life-history responses to environmental conditions experienced in utero as indexed by rain-on-snow (ROS utero ). We show that females experiencing high ROS utero had reduced reproductive success only from 7 years of age, independent of early reproduction. These individuals were able to maintain the same annual reproductive success between 2 and 6 years as phenotypically superior conspecifics that experienced low ROS utero . Young females born after high ROS utero engage in reproductive events at lower body mass (about 2.5 kg less) than those born after low ROS utero . The mean fitness of females that experienced poor environmental conditions in early life was comparable with that of females exposed to good environmental conditions in early life. These results are consistent with the idea of internal PAR and suggest that the life-history responses to early-life conditions can buffer the delayed effects of weather on population dynamics.

scholarly journals Intergenerational effects of maternal birth season on offspring size in rural Gambia

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1745) ◽  
pp. 4253-4262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Rickard ◽  
Alexandre Courtiol ◽  
Andrew M. Prentice ◽  
Anthony J. C. Fulford ◽  
Tim H. Clutton-Brock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Birth Season ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Parental Birth

Environmental conditions experienced in early life can influence an individual's growth and long-term health, and potentially also that of their offspring. However, such developmental effects on intergenerational outcomes have rarely been studied. Here we investigate intergenerational effects of early environment in humans using survey- and clinic-based data from rural Gambia, a population experiencing substantial seasonal stress that influences foetal growth and has long-term effects on first-generation survival. Using Fourier regression to model seasonality, we test whether (i) parental birth season has intergenerational consequences for offspring in utero growth (1982 neonates, born 1976–2009) and (ii) whether such effects have been reduced by improvements to population health in recent decades. Contrary to our predictions, we show effects of maternal birth season on offspring birth weight and head circumference only in recent maternal cohorts born after 1975. Offspring birth weight varied according to maternal birth season from 2.85 to 3.03 kg among women born during 1975–1984 and from 2.84 to 3.41 kg among those born after 1984, but the seasonality effect reversed between these cohorts. These results were not mediated by differences in maternal age or parity. Equivalent patterns were observed for offspring head circumference (statistically significant) and length (not significant), but not for ponderal index. No relationships were found between paternal birth season and offspring neonatal anthropometrics. Our results indicate that even in rural populations living under conditions of relative affluence, brief variation in environmental conditions during maternal early life may exert long-term intergenerational effects on offspring.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

Long term effects of early life stress on HPA circuit in rodent models

2021 ◽  
Vol 521 ◽  
pp. 111125
Author(s):  
Lucy Babicola ◽  
Rossella Ventura ◽  
Sebastian Luca D'Addario ◽  
Donald Ielpo ◽  
Diego Andolina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Long Term Effects

Long-term effects of early life stress on the brain monoamines level in the rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
R. Ghalamghash ◽  
H.Z. Mammedov ◽  
H. Ashayeri ◽  
A. Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Brain Monoamines ◽  
The Brain

Long-term effects of early pain and injury

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Orla Moriarty ◽  
Suellen M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nociceptive Pathways ◽  
Noxious Stimuli ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Nociceptive pathways are functional following birth, and acute responses to noxious stimuli have been documented from early in development in clinical and laboratory studies. The ability of noxious afferent input to alter the level of sensitivity of nociceptive pathways in the adult nervous system, with, for example, the development of central sensitization, is well established. However, the developing nervous system has additional susceptibilities to alterations in neural activity, and pain in early life may produce effects not seen following the same input at older ages. As a result, early tissue injury may lead to persistent changes in somatosensory processing and altered sensitivity to future noxious stimuli. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that neonatal pain can result in long-term changes in cognitive and affective behavior. Effects of pain in early life are superimposed on a highly plastic developing system, and long-term outcomes vary depending on the type and severity of the injury, and on the evaluation methods used. Laboratory studies allow evaluation of different injuries, potential confounding factors, underlying mechanisms, and potential analgesic modulation.

scholarly journals Developmental conditions modulate DNA methylation at the glucocorticoid receptor gene with cascading effects on expression and corticosterone levels in zebra finches

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Jimeno ◽  
Michaela Hau ◽  
Elena Gómez-Díaz ◽  
Simon Verhulst
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene ◽  
Developmental Conditions

Abstract Developmental conditions can impact the adult phenotype via epigenetic changes that modulate gene expression. In mammals, methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene Nr3c1 has been implicated as mediator of long-term effects of developmental conditions, but this evidence is limited to humans and rodents, and few studies have simultaneously tested for associations between DNA methylation, gene expression and phenotype. Adverse environmental conditions during early life (large natal brood size) or adulthood (high foraging costs) exert multiple long-term phenotypic effects in zebra finches, and we here test for effects of these manipulations on DNA methylation and expression of the Nr3c1 gene in blood. Having been reared in a large brood induced higher DNA methylation of the Nr3c1 regulatory region in adulthood, and this effect persisted over years. Nr3c1 expression was negatively correlated with methylation at 2 out of 8 CpG sites, and was lower in hard foraging conditions, despite foraging conditions having no effect on Nr3c1 methylation at our target region. Nr3c1 expression also correlated with glucocorticoid traits: higher expression level was associated with lower plasma baseline corticosterone concentrations and enhanced corticosterone reactivity. Our results suggest that methylation of the Nr3c1 regulatory region can contribute to the mechanisms underlying the emergence of long-term effects of developmental conditions in birds, but in our system current adversity dominated over early life experiences with respect to receptor expression.

scholarly journals The Long-Term Effects of Early Life Stress on the Modulation of miR-19 Levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Mazzelli ◽  
Carlo Maj ◽  
Nicole Mariani ◽  
Cristina Mora ◽  
Veronica Begni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Long Term Effects
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