scholarly journals Autoimmunity as an Etiological Factor of Cancer: The Transformative Potential of Chronic Type 2 Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Li ◽  
Zhibin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Recent epidemiological studies have found an alarming trend of increased cancer incidence in adults younger than 50 years of age and projected a substantial rise in cancer incidence over the next 10 years in this age group. This trend was exemplified in the incidence of non-cardia gastric cancer and its disproportionate impact on non-Hispanic white females under the age of 50. The trend is concurrent with the increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases in industrialized countries, suggesting a causal link between the two. While autoimmunity has been suspected to be a risk factor for some cancers, the exact mechanisms underlying the connection between autoimmunity and cancer remain unclear and are often controversial. The link has been attributed to several mediators such as immune suppression, infection, diet, environment, or, perhaps most plausibly, chronic inflammation because of its well-recognized role in tumorigenesis. In that regard, autoimmune conditions are common causes of chronic inflammation and may trigger repetitive cycles of antigen-specific cell damage, tissue regeneration, and wound healing. Illustrating the connection between autoimmune diseases and cancer are patients who have an increased risk of cancer development associated with genetically predisposed insufficiency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), a prototypical immune checkpoint against autoimmunity and one of the main targets of cancer immune therapy. The tumorigenic process triggered by CTLA4 insufficiency has been shown in a mouse model to be dependent on the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL4) and interleukin-13 (IL13). In this type 2 inflammatory milieu, crosstalk with type 2 immune cells may initiate epigenetic reprogramming of epithelial cells, leading to a metaplastic differentiation and eventually malignant transformation even in the absence of classical oncogenic mutations. Those findings complement a large body of evidence for type 1, type 3, or other inflammatory mediators in inflammatory tumorigenesis. This review addresses the potential of autoimmunity as a causal factor for tumorigenesis, the underlying inflammatory mechanisms that may vary depending on host-environment variations, and implications to cancer prevention and immunotherapy.

scholarly journals CANCER OF THE ORGANS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN WOMEN WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES. EFFECTS OF ANTIDIABETIC THERAPY

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 967-971
Author(s):  
Tamara S. Vatseba
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Uterine Cancer ◽  
Antidiabetic Therapy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact

The aim: to investigate the prevalence of cancer of the reproductive system in women with type 2 diabetes, and to examine the impact of antidiabetic therapy on cancer risk of this localization. Materials and methods: The study included a retrospective analysis of medical records of women with T2D with first diagnosed cancer during 2012-2016. The bases for the study were specialized medical institutions in Ivano-Frankivsk region. The obtained results were processed using statistical programs “Microsoft Excel” and “Statistika-12”. Results: Breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer were detected in 202 postmenopausal women, 63.92% from the total number of cancer cases in women. An increased risk of breast [OR = 1.24; 95% CI (1.04 – 1.50) P = 0.019] and uterine cancer [OR = 1.32; 95% CI (1.02 – 1.69) P = 0.040] has been identified. Most often, before the detection of cancer, women received combination therapy with sulfonylurea and metformin (83 patients (57.64%)) with BMI 32.64 ± 3.69 kg/m2. The difference between risk of cancer on metformin monotherapy and on sulfonylurea monotherapy [OR = 2.17; 95% CI (0.88 – 5.36) P = 0.141] or on combination therapy [OR = 1.68; 95% CI (0.76 – 3.74) P = 0.276] was not found. Conclusions: Postmenopausal women have an increased risk of breast and uterine cancer and are recommended to be screened for these diseases

Relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer in rural Chinese adults: 1 5- year follow-up cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Jingyi Li ◽  
Nannan Cheng ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Lijing Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Background：We aimed to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and risk of cancer incidence among rural Chinese adults. Methods: We utilized data from a community-based cohort study in rural China enrolled in 2003 and followed up prospectively up to 2018. Generalized estimating equation models were used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to analyze the relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer incidence. Results: After an average of 15 years of follow-up, a total of 9870 adult participants were included in this study. The results of the regression analysis for males showed that former drinkers had a significantly increased risk of cancer compared to never drinkers ([OR]2.46,95%[CI](1.43-4.23)). The cancer risk for current drinkers with heavy alcohol consumption(>400g/week) significantly increased ([OR]1.66,95% [CI] (1.18-2.34))compared to never drinkers. Among current drinkers, for every 100g of alcohol consumed per week, the risk of cancer increased by 15%. Among current drinkers, those aged 53.5 years or older , had a significant increase in the risk of cancer ([OR]1.26,95% [CI](1.12-1.42), for those with triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, the risk of cancer was even higher ([OR]1.50,95%[CI](1.20-1.88), P for interaction 0.018), and for those with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC)<40 mg/dL, the risk of cancer increased the greatest ([OR]2.03,95%[CI](1.36-3.04), P for interaction 0.005). Conclusions: Among middle-aged and elderly males in rural China, the risk of cancer significantly increased among former and heavy current drinkers compared with never drinkers. Age, triglycerides, and HDLC may increase the risk of cancer along with alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Increased Risk of Site-Specific Cancer in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A National Cohort Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donata Linkeviciute-Ulinskiene ◽  
Ausvydas Patasius ◽  
Lina Zabuliene ◽  
Rimantas Stukas ◽  
Giedre Smailyte
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Corpus Uteri ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Specific Cancer ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Increase In Risk

A retrospective cohort design was used with the objective to evaluate cancer risk among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Lithuania. The cohort was established by identifying all patients with the first diagnosis of T2DM in the National Health Insurance Fund database during 2000–2012. Cancer cases were identified by record linkage with the Lithuanian Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated. Of the 127,290 people that were included, 5959 cases of cancer in men and 6661 cancer cases in women with T2DM were observed. A statistically significant increase in risk for all cancer sites was observed in women, SIR 1.16 (95% CI 1.14–1.19), but not in men, SIR 1.00 (95% CI 0.98–1.03). Among males, a significant increase of liver (SIR 2.11, 95% CI 1.79–2.49]), pancreas (SIR 1.77, 95% CI 1.57–1.99), kidney (SIR 1.46 95% CI 1.31–1.62), thyroid (SIR 1.83, 95% CI 1.32–2.54), colorectal (SIR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14–1.31]), skin melanoma (SIR 1.40, 95% CI 1.11–1.76), and non–melanoma skin (SIR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.23) cancer was observed. For females with T2DM, a significant increase in risk of cancer of the liver (SIR 1.45, 95% CI 1.17–1.79), pancreas (SIR 1.74, 95% CI 1.56–1.93), kidney (SIR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.28–1.60), thyroid (SIR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.22–1.62), breast (SIR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.17–1.31), and corpus uteri (SIR 2.07, 95% CI 1.93–2.21) was observed. In conclusion, people with T2DM in Lithuania had an increased risk of site-specific cancer.

The Increased Risk of Cancer in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Potential Mechanisms

2009 ◽  
pp. 579-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Jane Gallagher ◽  
Ruslan Novosyadlyy ◽  
Shoshana Yakar ◽  
Derek LeRoith
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

scholarly journals Cancer Incidence in Patients With Acromegaly: A Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis of the Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2182-2188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Dal ◽  
Michelle Z Leisner ◽  
Kasper Hermansen ◽  
Dóra Körmendiné Farkas ◽  
Mads Bengtsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Tract Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Context Acromegaly has been associated with increased risk of cancer morbidity and mortality, but research findings remain conflicting and population-based data are scarce. We therefore examined whether patients with acromegaly are at higher risk of cancer. Design A nationwide cohort study (1978 to 2010) including 529 acromegaly cases was performed. Incident cancer diagnoses and mortality were compared with national rates estimating standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). A meta-analysis of cancer SIRs from 23 studies (including the present one) was performed. Results The cohort study identified 81 cases of cancer after exclusion of cases diagnosed within the first year [SIR 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9 to 1.4]. SIRs were 1.4 (95% CI, 0.7 to 2.6) for colorectal cancer, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.5 to 2.1) for breast cancer, and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.6 to 2.6) for prostate cancer. Whereas overall mortality was elevated in acromegaly (SIR 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6), cancer-specific mortality was not. The meta-analysis yielded an SIR of overall cancer of 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2 to 1.8). SIRs were elevated for colorectal cancer, 2.6 (95% CI, 1.7 to 4.0); thyroid cancer, 9.2 (95% CI, 4.2 to 19.9); breast cancer, 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3); gastric cancer, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.4 to 2.9); and urinary tract cancer, 1.5 (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.3). In general, cancer SIR was higher in single-center studies and in studies with &lt;10 cancer cases. Conclusions Cancer incidence rates were slightly elevated in patients with acromegaly in our study, and this finding was supported by the meta-analysis of 23 studies, although it also suggested the presence of selection bias in some earlier studies.

Polymorphisms of interleukin-4, -10 and 12B genes and diabetic retinopathy

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Cilenšek ◽  
Amela Hercegovac ◽  
Jovana Starčević ◽  
Katarina Vukojević ◽  
Mirna Babić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Promoter Gene

AbstractIn diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other angiogenesis-associated diseases, increased levels of cytokines, inflammatory cells, and angiogenic factors are present. We investigated the hypothesis that rs2243250 polymorphism of the interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene or rs1800896 polymorphism of the interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene, and rs3212227 polymorphism of the 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) of the interleukin-12 p40 gene (IL12B) may be associated with the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes (DM2). This cross sectional case — control study included 189 patients with PDR and 187 patients with type 2 diabetes without PDR. Polymorphisms rs1800896 of the IL-10 gene, rs2243250 of the IL-4 gene, and rs3212227 of IL12B gene were analyzed by ARMS -PCR and RFLP -PCR methods. Multivariate analysis demonstrated the GG genotype of the rs1800896 polymorphism of the IL-10 gene to be associated with increased risk for PDR (OR=1.99; 95% CI=1.11–3.57; P=0.02), whereas the TT genotype of the rs2243250 polymorphism of the IL-4 gene and the AA genotype of the rs3212227 polymorphism of the IL-12 gene were not independent risk factors for PDR. Our findings suggest that the genetic variations at the IL-10 promoter gene might be a genetic risk factor for PDR in Caucasians with type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals PREDICTORS AND PREMORBID CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE GENITAL CANCER, IN PARTICULAR ENDOMETRY CANCER AND BREAST CANCER

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (17) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
A. Petruk ◽  
O. Lytvak ◽  
A. Khabrat
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Genital Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Female Genital

Objective: to review a new potential diagnostic criteria for predictors and premorbid conditions of female genital cancer, including endometrial cancer and breast cancer. Materials and methods. Bibliographic, information-analytical methods were used in the work. Sources of information were data from the scientific literature on the topic of the study, modern gadleins, a review of randomized controlled trials. Results. The results of epidemiological studies suggest that the increased risk of cancer of the female reproductive system is the presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Potential mechanisms of their association are hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Because insulin is a major regulator of cell metabolism and is a tissue growth factor, hyperinsulinemia increases the risk of cancer. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with increased secretion of androgens by the ovaries and decreased levels of the protein that binds sex hormones, leading to higher concentrations of biologically active estrogens, which are also known to be risk factors for female genital cancer. In recent years, PFAA profiles have been found to be significantly altered in cancer and type 2 diabetes. Because cancer cells require certain amino acids to synthesize DNA, tumor growth factors, build new blood vessels, and duplicate all of their protein content, changes in PFAA profiles can be used as biomarkers of disease and different types of cancer at different stages. Conclusions. With the growing incidence of cancer, the issue of early diagnosis and detection of cancer in the pre-clinical stages remains relevant. Protein metabolism in cancer remains unclear and requires further research using a larger sample size. In addition, the biological mechanisms by which amino acids may contribute to the risk and progression of cancer or other premorbid conditions need to be elucidated. Determining the exact mechanism underlying changes in PFAA profiles has great potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals De Novo Cancer Incidence after Kidney Transplantation in South Korea from 2002 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 3530
Author(s):  
Boyeon Kim ◽  
Minjin Kang ◽  
Yoonjung Kim ◽  
Hyung Soon Lee ◽  
Banseok Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
National Database ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Advances in patient care and immunosuppressive drugs have improved graft survival, resulting in an increase in kidney transplantation (KT); however, persistent immunosuppression is thought to cause late occurrence of cancer. This population-based study consisted of a total of 14,842 patients whose data from the years 2002 to 2017 were collected from the National Health Information Database in South Korea. Malignancies occurred in 7.6% of the total KT patients. Prostate and thyroid cancers were the most common in males and females, respectively. From the age-adjusted incidence analysis, Kaposi’s sarcoma showed the highest standardized incidence ratio in both male and female patients. According to the linear regression model, cancer incidence in KT recipients under immunosuppressive conditions increased by approximately 0.1% each month. Patients’ age over 39 and the use of prednisolone as an initial steroid regimen were associated with increased risk of cancer development after KT. Our regression and proportional hazards models will help clinicians to predict the approximate cancer incidence risk when monitoring KT recipients. Based on the largest available national database, screening or monitoring methods for cancer detection and prevention can be established for KT patients by considering the factors involved in cancer development.

scholarly journals Noncommunicable disease among adults with cerebral palsy

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (14) ◽  
pp. e1385-e1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Ryan ◽  
Mark D. Peterson ◽  
Anthony Matthews ◽  
Nicola Ryan ◽  
Kimberley J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

ObjectiveTo compare the incidence of noncommunicable diseases between adults with and without cerebral palsy (CP).MethodsA cohort study was conducted using primary care data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Cox models, stratified by matched set and adjusted for potential confounders, were fitted to compare the risk of any noncommunicable disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and respiratory disease between adults with and without CP.ResultsThe analysis included 1,705 adults with CP and 5,115 age-, sex-, and general practice–matched adults without CP. There was evidence from adjusted analyses that adults with CP had 75% increased risk of developing any noncommunicable disease compared to adults without CP (hazard ratio [HR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58–1.94). Specifically, they had increased risk of cardiovascular disease (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.48–2.11) and respiratory disease (HR 2.61, 95% CI 2.14–3.19). There was no evidence of increased risk of cancer or type 2 diabetes mellitus.ConclusionsAdults with CP had increased risk of noncommunicable disease, specifically cardiovascular and respiratory disease. These findings highlight the need for clinical vigilance regarding identification of noncommunicable disease in people with CP and further research into the etiology and management of noncommunicable disease in this population.

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