scholarly journals De Novo Cancer Incidence after Kidney Transplantation in South Korea from 2002 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 3530
Author(s):  
Boyeon Kim ◽  
Minjin Kang ◽  
Yoonjung Kim ◽  
Hyung Soon Lee ◽  
Banseok Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
National Database ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Advances in patient care and immunosuppressive drugs have improved graft survival, resulting in an increase in kidney transplantation (KT); however, persistent immunosuppression is thought to cause late occurrence of cancer. This population-based study consisted of a total of 14,842 patients whose data from the years 2002 to 2017 were collected from the National Health Information Database in South Korea. Malignancies occurred in 7.6% of the total KT patients. Prostate and thyroid cancers were the most common in males and females, respectively. From the age-adjusted incidence analysis, Kaposi’s sarcoma showed the highest standardized incidence ratio in both male and female patients. According to the linear regression model, cancer incidence in KT recipients under immunosuppressive conditions increased by approximately 0.1% each month. Patients’ age over 39 and the use of prednisolone as an initial steroid regimen were associated with increased risk of cancer development after KT. Our regression and proportional hazards models will help clinicians to predict the approximate cancer incidence risk when monitoring KT recipients. Based on the largest available national database, screening or monitoring methods for cancer detection and prevention can be established for KT patients by considering the factors involved in cancer development.

scholarly journals Cancer and mTOR inhibitors in kidney transplantation recipients

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5864
Author(s):  
Chih-Chin Kao ◽  
Jia-Sin Liu ◽  
Yu-Kang Chang ◽  
Ming-Huang Lin ◽  
Yen-Chung Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Mtor Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
National Database ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
De Novo Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Background Previous studies show that mTOR inhibitors decrease the risk of cancer development after kidney transplantation. However, the effect of cumulative doses of mTOR inhibitors on cancer after kidney transplantation is not well known. Methods In the current study, patients were registered into a national database in Taiwan. Between year 2000 and 2013, 4,563 patients received kidney transplantation. They were divided into two groups, according to mTOR inhibitors usage. The cumulative dose of mTOR inhibitors was recorded. Patients were followed-up until de novo cancer development, death, or the end of 2014. Results Patients were divided into two groups: mTOR inhibitors users (study group, n = 828) and mTOR inhibitors non-users (control group, n = 3,735). The median follow-up duration was 7.8 years. The risk of de novo cancer (hazards ratio (HR) 0.80, 95% CI [0.60–1.09], p = 0.16) and risk of death (HR 1.14, 95% CI [0.82–1.60], p = 0.43) was not different between mTOR inhibitor user and non-user groups. Neither high- nor low-dose exposure to mTOR inhibitors was associated with increased risk of cancer or mortality. Analysis of cancer subtypes showed no influence by mTOR inhibitors. In addition, the cause of mortality was not significantly different between the two groups. Discussion We could not find the association of mTOR inhibitors use and risk of de novo cancer development or mortality in patients with kidney transplantation in Chinese patients. Cumulative exposure to mTOR inhibitors did not change the results.

Cancer after kidney transplantation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germaine Wong ◽  
Angela C. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplantation ◽  
General Population ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lymphoproliferative Disease ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity after transplantation. The overall risk of cancer among transplant recipients is at least 2.5–3-fold greater than that of the age- and gender-matched general population. The increased risk is also type specific, and is greatest among virus-related neoplasms such as Kaposi sarcoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and vulvovaginal cancers, with an excess risk of at least 9–20 times greater than that of the general population. Cancer prognoses are also poor in transplant recipients, with less than 10% surviving 5 years after initial diagnoses. Despite the increased cancer risk, little is known about the efficacy of treatment, the screening strategies, and the outcomes of patients with cancer and kidney transplants. Uncertainties also exist as to how the various types of modern immunosuppression impact on recipients’ overall long-term survival and quality of life. This chapter discusses the incidence and prognoses of patients with de novo cancer after transplantation, the epidemiology of donor cancer transmission, the outcomes of transplanting patients with a prior history of cancer, as well as the different approaches to cancer screening and management after kidney transplantation.

scholarly journals Estimating cancer risk in relation to tritium exposure from routine operation of a nuclear-generating station in Pickering, Ontario

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Wanigaratne ◽  
E Holowaty ◽  
H Jiang ◽  
TA Norwood ◽  
R Pietrusiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Tritium Concentration ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Introduction Evidence suggests that current levels of tritium emissions from CANDU reactors in Canada are not related to adverse health effects. However, these studies lack tritium-specific dose data and have small numbers of cases. The purpose of our study was to determine whether tritium emitted from a nuclear-generating station during routine operation is associated with risk of cancer in Pickering, Ontario. Methods A retrospective cohort was formed through linkage of Pickering and north Oshawa residents (1985) to incident cancer cases (1985–2005). We examined all sites combined, leukemia, lung, thyroid and childhood cancers (6–19 years) for males and females as well as female breast cancer. Tritium estimates were based on an atmospheric dispersion model, incorporating characteristics of annual tritium emissions and meteorology. Tritium concentration estimates were assigned to each cohort member based on exact location of residence. Person-years analysis was used to determine whether observed cancer cases were higher than expected. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine whether tritium was associated with radiation-sensitive cancers in Pickering. Results Person-years analysis showed female childhood cancer cases to be significantly higher than expected (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–3.38). The issue of multiple comparisons is the most likely explanation for this finding. Cox models revealed that female lung cancer was significantly higher in Pickering versus north Oshawa (HR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.23–4.46) and that tritium was not associated with increased risk. The improved methodology used in this study adds to our understanding of cancer risks associated with low-dose tritium exposure. Conclusion Tritium estimates were not associated with increased risk of radiation-sensitive cancers in Pickering.

Pathophysiology of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach: emphasis on CDX2 regulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Barros ◽  
Vânia Camilo ◽  
Bruno Pereira ◽  
Jean-Noel Freund ◽  
Leonor David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Intestinal Metaplasia ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Neoplastic Lesion ◽  
Increased Risk

IM (intestinal metaplasia) of the stomach is a pre-neoplastic lesion that usually follows Helicobacter pylori infection and that confers increased risk for gastric cancer development. After setting the role played by CDX2 (Caudal-type homeobox 2) in the establishment of gastric IM, it became of foremost importance to unravel the regulatory mechanisms behind its de novo expression in the stomach. In the present paper, we review the basic pathology of gastric IM as well as the current knowledge on molecular pathways involved in CDX2 regulation in the gastric context.

Relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer in rural Chinese adults: 1 5- year follow-up cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Jingyi Li ◽  
Nannan Cheng ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Lijing Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Background：We aimed to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and risk of cancer incidence among rural Chinese adults. Methods: We utilized data from a community-based cohort study in rural China enrolled in 2003 and followed up prospectively up to 2018. Generalized estimating equation models were used to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to analyze the relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer incidence. Results: After an average of 15 years of follow-up, a total of 9870 adult participants were included in this study. The results of the regression analysis for males showed that former drinkers had a significantly increased risk of cancer compared to never drinkers ([OR]2.46,95%[CI](1.43-4.23)). The cancer risk for current drinkers with heavy alcohol consumption(>400g/week) significantly increased ([OR]1.66,95% [CI] (1.18-2.34))compared to never drinkers. Among current drinkers, for every 100g of alcohol consumed per week, the risk of cancer increased by 15%. Among current drinkers, those aged 53.5 years or older , had a significant increase in the risk of cancer ([OR]1.26,95% [CI](1.12-1.42), for those with triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, the risk of cancer was even higher ([OR]1.50,95%[CI](1.20-1.88), P for interaction 0.018), and for those with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC)<40 mg/dL, the risk of cancer increased the greatest ([OR]2.03,95%[CI](1.36-3.04), P for interaction 0.005). Conclusions: Among middle-aged and elderly males in rural China, the risk of cancer significantly increased among former and heavy current drinkers compared with never drinkers. Age, triglycerides, and HDLC may increase the risk of cancer along with alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Osteoarthritis and risk of mortality in the USA: a population-based cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1821-1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelico Mendy ◽  
JuYoung Park ◽  
Edgar Ramos Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, but its association with mortality is unclear. Methods We analysed data on adult participants in the 1988–94 and 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, followed for mortality through 2011. OA was defined by self-report, and in a subset of participants 60 years or older with knee X-rays, radiographic knee OA (RKOA) was defined as Kellgren–Lawrence score ≥2. Cox proportional hazards were used to determine the mortality hazard ratio (HR) associated with self-reported OA and RKOA, adjusting for covariates. Results The sample included 51 938 participants followed for a median 8.9 years; 2589 of them had knee X-rays and were followed for a median of 13.6 years. Self-reported OA and RKOA prevalences were 6.6% and 40.6%, respectively. Self-reported OA was not associated with mortality. RKOA was associated with an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) {HR 1.43 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 1.64]}, diabetes [HR 2.04 (1.87, 2.23)] and renal diseases [HR 1.14 (1.04, 1.25)], but with a reduced risk of cancer mortality [HR 0.88 (0.80, 0.96)]. Participants with early RKOA onset (diagnosed before age 40) had a higher risk of mortality from all causes [HR 1.53 (1.43, 1.65)] and from diabetes [HR 7.18 (5.45, 9.45)]. Obese participants with RKOA were at increased risk of mortality from CVD [HR 1.89 (1.56, 2.29)] and from diabetes [HR: 3.42 (3.01, 3.88)]. Conclusions Self-reported OA was not associated with mortality. RKOA was associated with higher CVD, diabetes and renal mortality, especially in people with early onset of the disease or with obesity.

scholarly journals Cancer Incidence in Patients With Acromegaly: A Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis of the Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2182-2188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Dal ◽  
Michelle Z Leisner ◽  
Kasper Hermansen ◽  
Dóra Körmendiné Farkas ◽  
Mads Bengtsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Tract Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Context Acromegaly has been associated with increased risk of cancer morbidity and mortality, but research findings remain conflicting and population-based data are scarce. We therefore examined whether patients with acromegaly are at higher risk of cancer. Design A nationwide cohort study (1978 to 2010) including 529 acromegaly cases was performed. Incident cancer diagnoses and mortality were compared with national rates estimating standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). A meta-analysis of cancer SIRs from 23 studies (including the present one) was performed. Results The cohort study identified 81 cases of cancer after exclusion of cases diagnosed within the first year [SIR 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9 to 1.4]. SIRs were 1.4 (95% CI, 0.7 to 2.6) for colorectal cancer, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.5 to 2.1) for breast cancer, and 1.4 (95% CI, 0.6 to 2.6) for prostate cancer. Whereas overall mortality was elevated in acromegaly (SIR 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6), cancer-specific mortality was not. The meta-analysis yielded an SIR of overall cancer of 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2 to 1.8). SIRs were elevated for colorectal cancer, 2.6 (95% CI, 1.7 to 4.0); thyroid cancer, 9.2 (95% CI, 4.2 to 19.9); breast cancer, 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3); gastric cancer, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.4 to 2.9); and urinary tract cancer, 1.5 (95% CI, 1.0 to 2.3). In general, cancer SIR was higher in single-center studies and in studies with &lt;10 cancer cases. Conclusions Cancer incidence rates were slightly elevated in patients with acromegaly in our study, and this finding was supported by the meta-analysis of 23 studies, although it also suggested the presence of selection bias in some earlier studies.

Oxidative stress and cancer: have we moved forward?

2006 ◽  
Vol 401 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Halliwell
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dna Base ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Defence Enzymes ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

‘Reactive species’ (RS) of various types are formed in vivo and many are powerful oxidizing agents, capable of damaging DNA and other biomolecules. Increased formation of RS can promote the development of malignancy, and the ‘normal’ rates of RS generation may account for the increased risk of cancer development in the aged. Indeed, knockout of various antioxidant defence enzymes raises oxidative damage levels and promotes age-related cancer development in animals. In explaining this, most attention has been paid to direct oxidative damage to DNA by certain RS, such as hydroxyl radical (OH•). However, increased levels of DNA base oxidation products such as 8OHdg (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine) do not always lead to malignancy, although malignant tumours often show increased levels of DNA base oxidation. Hence additional actions of RS must be important, possibly their effects on p53, cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis. Chronic inflammation predisposes to malignancy, but the role of RS in this is likely to be complex because RS can sometimes act as anti-inflammatory agents.

scholarly journals Obesity and cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Franjo Cmrečak ◽  
◽  
Iva Andrašek ◽  
Višnja Gregov ◽  
Lidija Beketić-Orešković
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Malignant Diseases ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
After Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

For the past several decades, we have witnessed the emergence of the obesity pandemic worldwide and, simultaneously, the increase of incidence of malignant diseases. The effects of obesity and overweight on cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality started to be meticulously researched only recently. According to the epidemiological data analysis, the connection between obesity and increased risk of numerous cancers has been established. Estimations are that a change in lifestyle and diet can prevent 30-50% of malignant diseases. After smoking, obesity is the second largest preventable cause of cancer. Obesity affects the quality of life and increases the risk of cancer recurrence and cancer-related mortality. By reducing body mass and avoiding gaining weight during adulthood, the risk of getting cancer is lowered. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of physical activity during and after cancer treatment. Obesity influences cancer development; however, the mechanisms responsible for it are still unclear. It is considered that chronic inflammation, caused by the overabundance of nutrients, increases the levels of inflammatory cytokines and immune cells. It has been discovered that adipocytes have an important endocrine role; they synthesize numerous hormones and adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin. High levels of leptons and low levels of adiponectin can activate intracellular signaling pathways involving malignant cells’ development. An important part of cancer development can be attributed to insulin metabolism, insulin-like growth factors, and sex hormones.

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