scholarly journals Extracellular and Intracellular Factors in Brain Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouminin Kanwore ◽  
Piniel Alphayo Kambey ◽  
Xiao-Xiao Guo ◽  
Ayanlaja Abdulrahman Abiola ◽  
Ying Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Chromosome Breakage ◽  
Cell Organelle ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Cell Genome ◽  
Genome Modifications ◽  
Fundamental Requirement

The external and internal factors of the cell are critical to glioma initiation. Several factors and molecules have been reported to be implicated in the initiation and progression of brain cancer. However, the exact sequence of events responsible for glioma initiation is still unknown. Existing reports indicate that glioma stem cells are the cell of glioma origin. During cell division, chromosome breakage, DNA alteration increases the chance of cell genome modifications and oncogene overexpression. Although there is a high risk of gene alteration and oncogene overexpression, not everyone develops cancer. During embryogenesis, the same oncogenes that promote cancers have also been reported to be highly expressed, but this high expression which does not lead to carcinogenesis raises questions about the role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis. The resistance of cancer cells to drugs, apoptosis, and immune cells does not rely solely on oncogene overexpression but also on the defect in cell organelle machinery (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeleton). This review discusses factors contributing to cancer; we report the dysfunction of the cell organelles and their contribution to carcinogenesis, while oncogene overexpression promotes tumorigenesis, maintenance, and progression through cell adhesion. All these factors together represent a fundamental requirement for cancer and its development.

scholarly journals The Role of Cell Organelles in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Focus on Exosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Payandeh ◽  
Abbas Pirpour Tazehkand ◽  
Ali Azargoonjahromi ◽  
Faezeh Almasi ◽  
Armina Alagheband Bahrami
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Cell Organelle ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Joint Injury ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators

AbstractAuto-immune diseases involved at least 25% of the population in wealthy countries. Several factors including genetic, epigenetic, and environmental elements are implicated in development of Rheumatoid Arthritis as an autoimmune disease. Autoantibodies cause synovial inflammation and arthritis, if left untreated or being under continual external stimulation, could result in chronic inflammation, joint injury, and disability. T- and B-cells, signaling molecules, proinflammatory mediators, and synovium-specific targets are among the new therapeutic targets. Exosomes could be employed as therapeutic vectors in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Herein, the role of cell organelle particularly exosomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis had discussed and some therapeutic applications of exosome highlighted.

scholarly journals Nutrient Sensor mTOR and OGT: Orchestrators of Organelle Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Nicholas Esch ◽  
Seokwon Jo ◽  
Mackenzie Moore ◽  
Emilyn U. Alejandro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Function ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Cell Organelle ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Insulin Synthesis ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Β Cell Function

The purpose of this review is to integrate the role of nutrient-sensing pathways into β-cell organelle dysfunction prompted by nutrient excess during type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D encompasses chronic hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation, which each contribute to β-cell failure. These factors can disrupt the function of critical β-cell organelles, namely, the ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, and autophagosomes. Dysfunctional organelles cause defects in insulin synthesis and secretion and activate apoptotic pathways if homeostasis is not restored. In this review, we will focus on mTORC1 and OGT, two major anabolic nutrient sensors with important roles in β-cell physiology. Though acute stimulation of these sensors frequently improves β-cell function and promotes adaptation to cell stress, chronic and sustained activity disturbs organelle homeostasis. mTORC1 and OGT regulate organelle function by influencing the expression and activities of key proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors, as well as by modulating autophagy to influence clearance of defective organelles. In addition, mTORC1 and OGT activity influence islet inflammation during T2D, which can further disrupt organelle and β-cell function. Therapies for T2D that fine-tune the activity of these nutrient sensors have yet to be developed, but the important role of mTORC1 and OGT in organelle homeostasis makes them promising targets to improve β-cell function and survival.

THE ROLE OF A MENTOR IN THE PROCESS OF TRAINING STUDENTS IN THE SPECIALTY MIDWIFE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8(77)) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
S. Radeva ◽  
L. Georgieva
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Professional Orientation ◽  
Young Professionals ◽  
Motivation For Learning ◽  
Obstetric Services ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
Legislative Changes

The training of midwives in recent years has been consistent with the development of technology, the growing demands of the field of obstetric services, from patients and legislative changes, but, nevertheless, the emphasis has not yet been placed on mastering professional skills and communication. Clinical practice is a form of training associated with high responsibility, good theoretical training and mastered skills and competencies during training sessions. During clinical practice, students should master a number of practical skills, they should be able to develop the necessary confidence and the necessary professional self-esteem. Proper and appropriate organization of clinical practice contributes to the creation of positive motivation for learning, the development of cognitive interests that were once formed, become active internal factors for improving the quality, effectiveness and selfesteem in relation to educational activities. The activities of teachers and mentors should be aimed at working more closely with students during clinical practice, so that they can prepare well and fully independently during practical training to perform the specified skills. Motivation is important for creating a professional orientation that is passed on by practitioners and is a prerequisite for choosing a future workplace for students. Mentors from training bases are people who can guide young professionals to train them, educate them on professional responsibility, and teach them how to communicate with patients and colleagues. Students need daily incentives for active, purposeful and constant efforts for all types of activities, so that they can gain the necessary confidence and be ready for the requirements of their chosen profession.

Democratization in Serbia: An Analysis of Rational Choice and Structuralist Explanations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunja Apostolov-Dimitrijevic
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Transitional Societies ◽  
The Face

This paper explains political democratization in Post-Milosevic Serbia, utilizing two different accounts of the democratization process: one rooted in the rational choice framework and the other in structuralism. While rational choice explains the decisive role of political leadership in overcoming path dependence, the structuralist explanations show the transnational linkages that encourage democratization in the face of domestic setbacks. This particular debate between the two types of explanations represents the larger debate concerning the role of internal factors and external linkages in propelling democratization in transitional societies. The paper concludes by integrating the two sets of explanations offered by each theoretical perspective, in order to develop a coherent understanding of Serbia's democratization.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v9i1.240

The formation of the Egyptian Arabic dialect area

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Behnstedt ◽  
Manfred Woidich
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Egyptian Arabic ◽  
Transitional Area ◽  
The Mediterranean

This chapter deals with the sedentary dialects of Egypt, excluding the bedouin dialects of Sinai and the Libyan bedouin dialects on the Mediterranean coast. It attempts to combine historical information on the settlement of Arabic tribes in Egypt with accounts of present-day Egyptian dialects and those of the regions from which those tribes came, initially Yemen and the Levant, later Hejaz, and then the Maghreb. The diversity of the Egyptian Arabic dialect area is partly explained by external factors, namely different layers of arabization over centuries. It is also explained by internal factors, namely dialect contact, which implies phenomena such as hyperdialectisms. Egypt is seen as a dialect area in its own right, but one that shows phenomena of a transitional area between the Arab East and West. A case study of Alexandria deals with dialect death. The role of substrata is discussed, but is considered negligible.

scholarly journals What Is the Metabolic Amplification of Insulin Secretion and Is It (Still) Relevant?

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Ingo Rustenbeck ◽  
Torben Schulze ◽  
Mai Morsi ◽  
Mohammed Alshafei ◽  
Uwe Panten
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Beta Cell ◽  
Adenine Nucleotides ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Secretory Response ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Insulin Synthesis ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Insulin Granules

The pancreatic beta-cell transduces the availability of nutrients into the secretion of insulin. While this process is extensively modified by hormones and neurotransmitters, it is the availability of nutrients, above all glucose, which sets the process of insulin synthesis and secretion in motion. The central role of the mitochondria in this process was identified decades ago, but how changes in mitochondrial activity are coupled to the exocytosis of insulin granules is still incompletely understood. The identification of ATP-sensitive K+-channels provided the link between the level of adenine nucleotides and the electrical activity of the beta cell, but the depolarization-induced Ca2+-influx into the beta cells, although necessary for stimulated secretion, is not sufficient to generate the secretion pattern as produced by glucose and other nutrient secretagogues. The metabolic amplification of insulin secretion is thus the sequence of events that enables the secretory response to a nutrient secretagogue to exceed the secretory response to a purely depolarizing stimulus and is thus of prime importance. Since the cataplerotic export of mitochondrial metabolites is involved in this signaling, an orienting overview on the topic of nutrient secretagogues beyond glucose is included. Their judicious use may help to define better the nature of the signals and their mechanism of action.

The role of Polycomb in stem cell genome architecture

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Mas ◽  
Luciano Di Croce
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Genome Architecture ◽  
Cell Genome

Peripheral muscarinic control of norepinephrine release in the cardiovascular system

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (6) ◽  
pp. H713-H720 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Muscholl
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Adrenergic Nerve ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Adrenergic Response ◽  
Adrenergic Nerve Terminals ◽  
Muscarinic Cholinergic ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Stimulation Of

Activation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors located at the terminal adrenergic nerve fiber inhibits the process of exocytotic norepinephrine (NE) release. This neuromodulatory effect of acetylcholine and related compounds has been discovered as a pharmacological phenomenon. Subsequently, evidence for a physiological role of the presynaptic muscarinic inhibition was obtained on organs known to be innervated by the autonomic ground plexus (Hillarp, Acta. Physiol. Scand. 46, Suppl. 157: 1-68, 1959) in which terminal adrenergic and cholinergic axons run side by side. Thus, in the heart electrical vagal stimulation inhibits the release of NE evoked by stimulation of sympathetic nerves, and this is reflected by a corresponding decrease in the postsynaptic adrenergic response. On the other hand, muscarinic antagonists such as atropine enhance the NE release evoked by field stimulation of tissues innervated by the autonomic ground plexus. The presynaptic muscarine receptor of adrenergic nerve terminals probably restricts the influx of calcium ions that triggers the release of NE. However, the sequence of events between recognition of the muscarinic compound by the receptor and the process of exocytosis still remains to be clarified.

Exhibition 58: Modern Architecture in England, Museum of Modern Art, 1937

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 277-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Powers
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Museum Of Modern Art ◽  
Multiple Sequence ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Yorkers

Exhibition 58: Modern Architecture in England, held between 10 February and 7 March 1937 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York (MoMA), was a notable event. Amidst claims that ‘England leads the world in modern architectural activity’, the exhibition ‘amazed New Yorkers’ and equally surprised English commentators. However, it has not subsequently received any extended investigation. The present purpose is to look at it as a multiple sequence of events, involving other exhibitions, associated publications and the trajectories of individuals and institutions, through which tensions came to the surface about the definition and direction of Modernism in England and elsewhere. Such an analysis throws new light on issues such as the motives for staging the exhibition, the personnel involved and associated questions relating to the role of émigré architects in Britain and the USA, some of which have been misinterpreted in recent commentaries.Hitchcock's unequivocal claim for the importance of English Modernism at this point still arouses disbelief, and raises a question whether it can be accepted at face value or requires explaining in terms of some other hidden intention.

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