scholarly journals Simultaneous Temperature Measurements and Aerosol Collection During Vaping for the Analysis of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Vitamin E Acetate Mixtures in Ceramic Coil Style Cartridges

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Lynch ◽  
Lisa Lorenz ◽  
Jana L. Brueggemeyer ◽  
Adam Lanzarotta ◽  
Travis M. Falconer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Percent Recovery ◽  
Ft Ir

Incidence of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) has been linked to the vaping of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) products to which vitamin E acetate (VEA) has been added. In this work we vaped THC/VEA mixtures at elevated power levels using a variety of ceramic coil vaping cartridges and a commercially available vaping device, while simultaneously measuring temperature and collecting the vaporized condensate. The collected vapor condensate was analyzed for evidence of VEA decomposition by GC/MS, GC/FT-IR/MS, and LC-APCI-HRMS/MS. Mean temperature maxima for all examined cartridges at the selected power exceeded 430°C, with a range of 375–569°C, well beyond that required for thermal decomposition of VEA. The percent recovery of VEA and Δ9-THC from the vaporized mixture in six cartridges ranged from 71.5 to 101% and from 56.4 to 88.0%, respectively. Analysis of the condensed vaporized material identified VEA decomposition products duroquinone (DQ), 1-pristene, and durohydroquinone monoacetate (DHQMA); a compound consistent with 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethyl-6-methylene-2,4-cyclohexadienone (ATMMC) was also detected. The concentration of DQ produced from vaporization of the THC/VEA mixture in one cartridge was found to be 4.16 ± 0.07 μg per mg of vapor condensate.

scholarly journals E‐cigarette or Vaping Product Use–Associated Lung Injury Produced in an Animal Model From Electronic Cigarette Vapor Exposure Without Tetrahydrocannabinol or Vitamin E Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Kleinman ◽  
Rebecca Johnson Arechavala ◽  
David Herman ◽  
Jianru Shi ◽  
Irene Hasen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Alveolar Wall ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate

Abstract E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury was recognized in the United States in the summer of 2019 and is typified by acute respiratory distress, shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and fever, associated with vaping. It can mimic many of the manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Some investigators have suggested that E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury was due to tetrahydrocannabinol or vitamin E acetate oil mixed with the electronic cigarette liquid. In experimental rodent studies initially designed to study the effect of electronic cigarette use on the cardiovascular system, we observed an E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury‐like condition that occurred acutely after use of a nichrome heating element at high power, without the use of tetrahydrocannabinol, vitamin E, or nicotine. Lung lesions included thickening of the alveolar wall with foci of inflammation, red blood cell congestion, obliteration of alveolar spaces, and pneumonitis in some cases; bronchi showed accumulation of fibrin, inflammatory cells, and mucus plugs. Electronic cigarette users should be cautioned about the potential danger of operating electronic cigarette units at high settings; the possibility that certain heating elements may be deleterious; and that E‐cigarette or vaping product use–associated lung injury may not be dependent upon tetrahydrocannabinol, vitamin E, or nicotine.

Case of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) in London, UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e240700
Author(s):  
Ruth Elizabeth Evans ◽  
Sophie Herbert ◽  
William Owen ◽  
Deepak Rao
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Corticosteroid Treatment ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate ◽  
Chest X Ray

We present a case of a 38-year-old man with no medical comorbidities who presented to the hospital with haemoptysis and shortness of breath on a background of vaping home-manufactured cannabis oil. He developed e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) visible on chest X-ray requiring oxygen, and corticosteroid treatment before making a recovery. Research reports that the contents vitamin E acetate and tetrahydrocannabinol are frequently found in substances acquired from informal sources which increase the likelihood of EVALI developing. Further research into their synergistic effect is ongoing. Although safer than smoking, vaping is not risk free and EVALI should be considered in patients presenting with respiratory disease.

Thermal Decomposition Products of Fiberglass Composites: A Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Kinsella ◽  
James R. Markham ◽  
Chad M. Nelson ◽  
Thomas R. Burkholder
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Decomposition Products ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

Decomposition products of fiberglass composites used in construc tion were identified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. This bench-scale study concentrated on identification and quantification of toxic species. Identifying compounds evolved during thermal decomposition provides data to develop early fire detection systems as well as evaluate product fire safety performance. Material fire behavior depends on many factors. Ventila tion, radiant heat flux, and chemical composition are three factors that can be modeled. Physical observations of composites during thermal decomposition with simultaneous identification and quantification of evolved gases offer re searchers in both material development and fire safety an advancement in the state-of-the-art for material testing. Gas analysis by FT-IR spectroscopy iden tified toxic effluent species over a wide range of composite exposure tempera tures (100 to 1000 ° C), during pyrolysis and combustion. Fiberglass composites with melamine, epoxy, and silicone resins were profiled. Formaldehyde, meth anol, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, methane, and benzene were identified by the spectral analysis prior to physical evidence of decomposition. Toxic concen trations of formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, and hydro gen cyanide were observed as thermal decomposition progressed.

scholarly journals Chemical constituents involved in e-cigarette, or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thivanka Muthumalage ◽  
Michelle R. Friedman ◽  
Matthew D. McGraw ◽  
Alan E. Friedman ◽  
Irfan Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Lavage Fluid ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Conjugated Compounds ◽  
Liquid And Vapor Phases ◽  
Medical Grade

AbstractBackgroundThe Centers for Disease Control (CDC) declared e-cigarette (e-cig), or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) a national outbreak due to the high incidence of emergency department admissions and deaths. Investigators have identified vitamin E acetate (VEA) as the plausible cause for EVALI, based on compounds found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.ObjectivesWe defined the chemical constituents present in e-cig cartridges associated with EVALI and compared constituents to medical-grade and cannabidiol (CBD) containing cartridges.MethodsWe measured chemicals and elemental metals in e-liquid and vapor phases of e-cig counterfeit cartridges by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), EPA method TO-15 by GCMS, and ICP-MS analysis.ResultsWe have identified chemical constituents in e-cig vaping tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing counterfeit cartridges compared to medical-grade and cannabidiol (CBD) containing cartridges. Apart from VEA and THC, other potential toxicants correlated with EVALI included solvent-derived hydrocarbons, silicon conjugated compounds, various terpenes, pesticides/plasticizers/polycaprolactones, and metals. These chemicals are known to cause symptoms, such as cough, shortness of breath or chest pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, fatigue, fever, or weight loss, all symptoms presenting in patients with EVALI.ConclusionThis study provides insights into understanding the chemical-induced disease mechanism of acute lung injury.

scholarly journals An Animal Model of Inhaled Vitamin E Acetate and EVALI-like Lung Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 (12) ◽  
pp. 1175-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq A. Bhat ◽  
Suresh G. Kalathil ◽  
Paul N. Bogner ◽  
Benjamin C. Blount ◽  
Maciej L. Goniewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate

scholarly journals Review of Cases of E-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) and Brief Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Amr Essa ◽  
Jeffrey Macaraeg ◽  
Nikhil Jagan ◽  
Daniel Kwon ◽  
Saboor Randhawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Growing Body

Since the appearance of the E-Cigarette in the early 2000s, its industry, popularity, and prevalence have risen dramatically. In the past, E-Cigarette use with the vaping of nicotine or cannabis products had been associated with a few reported cases of lung injury. However, in 2019, thousands of cases of E-Cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) were reported in the United States. Evidence linked this outbreak with vaping of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). We report two confirmed cases of EVALI and their associated clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features. This report supports the growing body of information regarding EVALI. It also discusses various substances, particularly vitamin E acetate, which has been suggested as a causative agent.

scholarly journals E-Zigaretten – Funktionsweise, Inhaltsstoffe und die Vaping-assoziierte akute Lungenschädigung

Pneumologie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (02) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Schupp ◽  
A. Prasse ◽  
H. C. Erythropel
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Junge Patienten ◽  
Akute Lungenschädigung ◽  
B Vitamin

ZusammenfassungSeit April 2019 kam es in den USA zu über 2000 Erkrankungen, bei denen zumeist junge Patienten mit schweren Lungenschädigungen in Krankenhäuser eingewiesen wurden. Im Verlauf sind bisher mehr als 40 Patienten verstorben. Nur ein einziger Zusammenhang konnte zwischen diesen Patienten ermittelt werden: Sie waren alle Nutzer von elektronischen Zigaretten (E-Zigaretten). Mittlerweile wird das Krankheitsbild im Englischen als EVALI bezeichnet (engl. „e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury”, E-Zigaretten- oder Vaping-assoziierte Lungenschädigung). Basierend auf zumeist US-amerikanischen Studien zum Thema soll diese Übersichtsarbeit einen Einblick in die Definition, die Epidemiologie, das Krankheitsbild, den typischen Verlauf und potenzielle Auslöser, wie z. B. Vitamin-E-Acetat, von EVALI geben. Zusätzlich soll ein allgemeiner Überblick über die prinzipielle Funktionsweise von E-Zigaretten, die Inhaltsstoffe der verdampften Flüssigkeiten (E-Liquids) sowie die damit verbundenen Inhalationsrisiken gegeben werden.

scholarly journals Potential for Release of Pulmonary Toxic Ketene from Vaping Pyrolysis of Vitamin E Acetate

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wu ◽  
Donal O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate ◽  
Lung Injuries ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Centers For Disease Control

<p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recently reported an increasing number of clinically reported cases of lung injury following use of e-cigarette/vaping products. The cause(s) of this growing epidemic of vaping associated pulmonary injury remain unidentified, though vitamin E acetate has been recently identified as one possible causative agent (see <i>Nature</i> 574, 303 (2019). A combined analytical, theoretical and experimental study has shown that the vaping of vitamin E acetate has the potential to produce exceptionally toxic ketene gas, which may be a contributing factor to the upsurge in lung injuries associated with using some vaping products.</p>

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