Microalgae: The Future Supply House of Biohydrogen and Biogas

The non-renewable nature of fossil energy and the environmental pollution caused by its use, such as haze, make it very urgent to develop clean and efficient renewable energy. By using microalgae biomass as an alternative raw material energy sources like biohydrogen, methane can be produced through fermentation and photosynthesis. Unlike solar energy, which has the disadvantages of low energy density, instability and difficulty in storage, biohydrogen and biogas are one of the novel ideal energy sources at present. The utilization of microalgae has various attractive prospects in their production due to its cost-effectiveness, renewable biomass and ease of scaling-up technology. This paper discusses the latest microalgae biomass biohydrogen and biogas production technology including integrated biorefinery systems, co-production or mixed production techniques and puts forward the key problems to be solved in the development of microalgae biohydrogen production technology.

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Verification of the Green Microalgae Biomass Use for Biogas Production

Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica ◽

10.2478/aree-2019-0004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 15-19

Author(s):

Natalia Głowacka ◽

Ján Gaduš

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Anaerobic Fermentation ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Raw Material ◽

Green Microalgae ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Research Results ◽

Microalgae Biomass ◽

The World

Abstract The article reviews the energy potential of microalgae as an alternative raw material for anaerobic digestion. Currently, energy security is one of the main topics among researchers. The amount of generated fossil fuels is limited, it is a question of time when fossil fuels will not continue to be accessible at low cost. There is a need to find an alternative carrier of energy which will replace the fossil fuels in the World. Green microalgae can be proposed as a possible bio raw-material, which can be used as an input material in order to produce energy. Lots of alternative technologies of algae cultivation are currently being developed all over the world. There is a necessity to search for a sensible way to produce algal biomass for bioenergy purposes, while maintaining all requirements involved in environmental and economic issues. The research results presented in the science article show that microalgae biomass is the proper alternative material for biogas production with the method of anaerobic fermentation. We believe that these research results can contribute to the future development of all forms of renewable energy in the Slovak Republic.

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Utilization of Delignified Sawdust as Raw Material of Biogas Production

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815603054 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 156 ◽

pp. 03054 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Asfarina Zumalla ◽

Budiyono ◽

Siswo Sumardiono

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Raw Material ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Wood Sawdust ◽

The Right

Biogas is one alternative to replace the irreplaceable energy source that has begun to diminish its existence. The raw materials for biogas manufacture are renewable biomass, usually using plantation waste, agriculture, and livestock. Using biogas can also reduce environmental pollution. One of the agricultural waste that has great potential to become the raw material of biogas is teak sawdust. Wood processing industry in Indonesia quite a lot, but wood has a high lignosesluosa content, so it needs the right method to process it. With the delignification of lignin levels on teak sawdust will decrease. Wood sawdust is soaked using NaOH for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days with 4% w / v concentration. The lowest lignin and hemicellulose content was 25.79% and 87.9% in pretreatment for 4 days, while the highest cellulose level was 57, 34%. The accumulated volume of biogas at 1 day pretreatment, ie 709 ml / g TS. Gcms shows the enlarged peak area of methanamine, N-methyl from before pretreatment. The fastest biogas formation (λ) in 4 days pretreatment, 1.60403 days and the largest constant A and U variables at 1 day were 914.5903 ml / g TS and 34.59765 ml / g TS.

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Analysis of Biogas Production From Fermentation Results of Pineapple Bark Waste as Main Raw Material

Procedia of Engineering and Life Science ◽

10.21070/pels.v1i1.860 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fatkur Rhohman ◽

Hesti Istiqlaliyah

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Real Effort ◽

Very High

The need for energy is currently increasing. But, dependence on fossil energy is very high. So, there needs a real effort to develop new and renewable energy sources. One of the sources that can be developed for energy is biogas. Many natural resources can be used as raw material for biogas production, such as pineapple skin waste which is widely available in Kediri. This study aims to analyze the results of biogas production from a combination of pineapple skin, cow dung, EM4, and water. This research uses a qualitative approach. The research method is experimental research. The composition ratio used was 50 kg of pineapple skin, 50 liters of water, 2 kg of cow dung, and 2 liters of EM4. The study time was 30 days. the overall biogas production yield was 0.204 kg. The biggest increase in biogas production occurred on day 17 to day 25. From the results of data processing using numerical methods, the graphical equation of biogas production is described by the equation . y represents the volume of biogas production in grams. x represents the counted days to determine the production process.

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Clinoptilolite as a natural, active zeolite catalyst for the chemical transformations of geraniol

Reaction Kinetics Mechanisms and Catalysis ◽

10.1007/s11144-021-02027-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Fajdek-Bieda ◽

Agnieszka Wróblewska ◽

Piotr Miądlicki ◽

Jadwiga Tołpa ◽

Beata Michalkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Nitrogen Adsorption ◽

Carbon Chain ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Transformations ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Catalyst Content ◽

Favorable Conditions ◽

Instrumental Methods

AbstractThis work presented the studies with the natural zeolite—clinoptilolite as the catalyst for the isomerization of geraniol. During the research, it turned out that the studied process is much more complicated, and not only isomerization takes place in it, but also dehydration, oxidation, dimerization, cyclization and fragmentation of the carbon chain. Geraniol is an organic raw material which can be obtained not only by a chemical synthesis but also from plants (renewable biomass) by distillation or extraction method, for example a source of geraniol can be a plant—geranium. Before catalytic tests clinoptilolite was characterized by the instrumental methods, such as: XRD, porosity studies—nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, SEM, EDXRF, and FT-IR. Gas chromatography analyses showed that the main products of geraniol isomerization process were 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol. The selectivity of 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol depended on the temperature, catalyst content and reaction time. These parameters were changed in the following ranges: 80–150 °C (temperature), 5–15 wt% (catalyst content) and 15–1440 min. (reaction time). The most favorable conditions for 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol obtaining were: temperature 140 ºC, catalyst content 12.5 wt% and reaction time 180 min. At these conditions, the conversion of geraniol amounted to 98 mol%, and the selectivities of 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol amounted to 14 and 47 mol%, respectively.

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Renewable Biomass Utilization: A Way Forward to Establish Sustainable Chemical and Processing Industries

Clean Technologies ◽

10.3390/cleantechnol3010014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 243-259

Author(s):

Yadhu N. Guragain ◽

Praveen V. Vadlani

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Process Intensification ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biomass Composition ◽

Biomass Feedstocks ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

Sustainability Criteria ◽

Biomass Component ◽

Biomass Resources ◽

Multiple Challenges

Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks are promising alternatives to fossil fuels for meeting raw material needs of processing industries and helping transit from a linear to a circular economy and thereby meet the global sustainability criteria. The sugar platform route in the biochemical conversion process is one of the promising and extensively studied methods, which consists of four major conversion steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and product purification. Each of these conversion steps has multiple challenges. Among them, the challenges associated with the pretreatment are the most significant for the overall process because this is the most expensive step in the sugar platform route and it significantly affects the efficiency of all subsequent steps on the sustainable valorization of each biomass component. However, the development of a universal pretreatment method to cater to all types of feedstock is nearly impossible due to the substantial variations in compositions and structures of biopolymers among these feedstocks. In this review, we have discussed some promising pretreatment methods, their processing and chemicals requirements, and the effect of biomass composition on deconstruction efficiencies. In addition, the global biomass resources availability and process intensification ideas for the lignocellulosic-based chemical industry have been discussed from a circularity and sustainability standpoint.

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Empirical Validation of a Biogas Plant Simulation Model and Analysis of Biogas Upgrading Potentials

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14092424 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2424

Author(s):

Jan Martin Zepter ◽

Jan Engelhardt ◽

Tatiana Gabderakhmanova ◽

Mattia Marinelli

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Biogas Plant ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biogas Upgrading ◽

Integrated Energy Systems ◽

First Order Kinetics ◽

Biogas Plants ◽

Plant Simulation ◽

Kinetics Of

Biogas plants may support the transformation towards renewable-based and integrated energy systems by providing dispatchable co-generation as well as opportunities for biogas upgrading or power-to-X conversion. In this paper, a simulation model that comprises the main dynamics of the internal processes of a biogas plant is developed. Based on first-order kinetics of the anaerobic digestion process, the biogas production of an input feeding schedule of raw material can be estimated. The output of the plant in terms of electrical and thermal energy is validated against empirical data from a 3-MW biogas plant on the Danish island of Bornholm. The results show that the model provides an accurate representation of the processes within a biogas plant. The paper further provides insights on the functioning of the biogas plant on Bornholm as well as discusses upgrading potentials of biogas to biomethane at the plant from an energy perspective.

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Regional Diversification of Potential, Production and Efficiency of Use of Biogas and Biomass in Poland

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14030742 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 742

Author(s):

Grzegorz Ślusarz ◽

Barbara Gołębiewska ◽

Marek Cierpiał-Wolan ◽

Jarosław Gołębiewski ◽

Dariusz Twaróg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Biomass Production ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Efficiency Frontier ◽

The European Union ◽

Production Potential ◽

Solid Biomass ◽

High Share

Energy obtained from renewable sources is an important element of the sustainable development strategy of the European Union and its member states. The aim of this research is, therefore, to assess the potential and use of renewable energy sources and their effectiveness from the regional perspective in Poland. The research covered the years 2012 and 2018. The diversification of production and potential of renewable energy sources was defined on the basis of biogas and biomass. Calculations made using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method showed that, in 2012, only three voivodeships achieved the highest efficiency in terms of the use of biogas and biomass resources; in 2018, this number increased to four. Comparing the effective units in 2012 and 2018, it can be seen that their efficiency frontier moved upwards by 56% in terms of biogas and 21% in terms of to biomass. Despite a large relative increase in the production of heat from biogas by 99% compared to the production of heat from biomass by 38%, the efficiency frontier for biogas did not change considerably. It was found that the resources of solid biomass are used far more intensively than the resources of biogas. However, in the case of biogas, a significant increase in the utilization of the production potential was observed: from 3.3% in 2012 to 6.4% in 2018, whereas in the same years, the utilization of solid biomass production potential remained at the same level (15.3% in 2012, 15.4% in 2018). It was also observed that, at the level of voivodeships, the utilization of biogas and biomass production potential is negatively correlated with the size of this potential. The combined potential of solid biomass and biogas can cover the demand of each of the studied regions in Poland in terms of thermal energy. The coverage ranges from 104% to 1402%. The results show that when comparing biomass and biogas, the production of both electricity and heat was dominated by solid biomass. Its high share occurred especially in voivodeships characterized by a high share of forest area and a low potential for biogas production (Lubuskie Voivodeship, Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship).

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Biocatalysis and biomass conversion: enabling a circular economy

Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.2019.0274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 378 (2176) ◽

pp. 20190274 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roger A. Sheldon

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Biomass Conversion ◽

Raw Material ◽

Liquid Fuels ◽

Waste Biomass ◽

Renewable Biomass ◽

Precious Metal Catalysts ◽

Mitigate Climate Change ◽

Forestry Residues ◽

The Right

This paper is based on a lecture presented to the Royal Society in London on 24 June 2019. Two of the grand societal and technological challenges of the twenty-first century are the ‘greening' of chemicals manufacture and the ongoing transition to a sustainable, carbon neutral economy based on renewable biomass as the raw material, a so-called bio-based economy. These challenges are motivated by the need to eliminate environmental degradation and mitigate climate change. In a bio-based economy, ideally waste biomass, particularly agricultural and forestry residues and food supply chain waste, are converted to liquid fuels, commodity chemicals and biopolymers using clean, catalytic processes. Biocatalysis has the right credentials to achieve this goal. Enzymes are biocompatible, biodegradable and essentially non-hazardous. Additionally, they are derived from inexpensive renewable resources which are readily available and not subject to the large price fluctuations which undermine the long-term commercial viability of scarce precious metal catalysts. Thanks to spectacular advances in molecular biology the landscape of biocatalysis has dramatically changed in the last two decades. Developments in (meta)genomics in combination with ‘big data’ analysis have revolutionized new enzyme discovery and developments in protein engineering by directed evolution have enabled dramatic improvements in their performance. These developments have their confluence in the bio-based circular economy. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Science to enable the circular economy'.

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