scholarly journals Clinoptilolite as a natural, active zeolite catalyst for the chemical transformations of geraniol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fajdek-Bieda ◽  
Agnieszka Wróblewska ◽  
Piotr Miądlicki ◽  
Jadwiga Tołpa ◽  
Beata Michalkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Catalyst Content ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Instrumental Methods

AbstractThis work presented the studies with the natural zeolite—clinoptilolite as the catalyst for the isomerization of geraniol. During the research, it turned out that the studied process is much more complicated, and not only isomerization takes place in it, but also dehydration, oxidation, dimerization, cyclization and fragmentation of the carbon chain. Geraniol is an organic raw material which can be obtained not only by a chemical synthesis but also from plants (renewable biomass) by distillation or extraction method, for example a source of geraniol can be a plant—geranium. Before catalytic tests clinoptilolite was characterized by the instrumental methods, such as: XRD, porosity studies—nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, SEM, EDXRF, and FT-IR. Gas chromatography analyses showed that the main products of geraniol isomerization process were 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol. The selectivity of 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol depended on the temperature, catalyst content and reaction time. These parameters were changed in the following ranges: 80–150 °C (temperature), 5–15 wt% (catalyst content) and 15–1440 min. (reaction time). The most favorable conditions for 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol obtaining were: temperature 140 ºC, catalyst content 12.5 wt% and reaction time 180 min. At these conditions, the conversion of geraniol amounted to 98 mol%, and the selectivities of 6,11-dimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol and thumbergol amounted to 14 and 47 mol%, respectively.

scholarly journals Synthesis of iron phosphate-SAPO-34 composite and its application as effective absorbent for wastewater treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 238 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Ying Cao ◽  
Lianmei Wei ◽  
Xianzhen Song ◽  
Xixi Yan ◽  
Xiaoyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Crystallization Time ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystallization Method ◽  
Ft Ir

High-purity FePO4 was purified from iron-based phosphating slag as raw material, and FePO4@SAPO-34 was synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization method under the action of templating agent-diethylamine. The synth esized FePO4@SAPO-34 samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SE M) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effects of different crystallization time on the morpholo gy and crystallization of FePO4@SAPO-34 crystals were investigated. The removal of heavy metal ion wastewater by low-cost FePO4@SAPO-34 was investigated. The experimental results show that when the reaction time is 180 °C an d the reaction time is 72h, the crystallization of FePO4@SAPO-34 is the best. When the dosage is 0.6g, the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions is the highest.

The Catalyzed Synthesis of Prenyl Alcohol in Anhydrous System

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
Fu Xian Ruan ◽  
Zhi Peng He ◽  
Hong Lang Song ◽  
Ke Lin Huang ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir

In this paper, the prenyl alcohol was catalyzed synthesized in anhydrous system by using isoprene and dichloroacetic acid as raw material and sodium dichloroacetate as catalyst. The obtained product was mainly characterized by FT-IR and GC. Furthermore, the olefine acid ratio, reaction time, amount of catalyst, saponification time and NaOH concentration were systematically investigated during the work. The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the olefine acid ratio was 1:2, reaction time was 2h, amount of catalyst was 1.8g, saponification time was 2h and NaOH concentration was 4mol/L, the yield of prenyl alcohol was 45%.

scholarly journals Influence of Technological Parameters on the Isomerization of Geraniol Using Sepiolite

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 901-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fajdek-Bieda ◽  
Agnieszka Wróblewska ◽  
Piotr Miądlicki ◽  
Alicja Szymańska ◽  
Małgorzata Dzięcioł ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Isomerization Process ◽  
Catalyst Content ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract In the current study, the isomerization of geraniol over a natural sepiolite as a catalyst was investigated and optimized. Prior to application in the isomerization process, the physical and chemical properties of sepiolite were characterized using a battery of instrumental techniques, including XRD, nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, SEM, EDXRF, UV–Vis and FT-IR. Results indicated that geraniol isomerization is very complicated due to the large number of reactions taking place. The catalytic studies showed that the main reaction products were β-pinene, ocimenes, linalool, nerol, citrals, thunbergol and isocembrol; all chemical products with commercial applications. The quantity of each of these products depended on the temperature, catalyst content and reaction time employed in the isomerization process. During the current study, these parameters were varied in a step-wise approach over the ranges 80–150 °C (temperature), 5–15 wt% catalyst content and reaction time of 15–1440 min. As linalool is one of the most commercially important reaction products, the geraniol isomerization method was studied to identify conditions producing the highest selectivity for this compound. The most beneficial conditions for geraniol conversion and linalool formation were established as a temperature of 120 °C, catalyst content of 10 wt% and a reaction time of 3 h. Graphic Abstract

The Catalyzed Synthesis of Prenyl Alcohol

2014 ◽  
Vol 577 ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Fu Xian Ruan ◽  
Zhi Peng He ◽  
Hong Lang Song ◽  
Ke Lin Huang ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
Ft Ir

In this paper, the prenyl alcohol was catalyzed synthesized by using isoprene and dichloroacetic acid as raw material and sodium dichloroacetate as catalyst. The obtained product was mainly characterized by FT-IR and GC. Furthermore, the olefine acid ratio, reaction time, amount of catalyst, saponification time, NaOH concentration and distilled water consumption were systematically investigated during the work. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: the olefine acid ratio was 1:2, reaction time was 2h, amount of catalyst was 1.5g, saponification time was 2h, NaOH concentration was 4mol/L and amount of distilled water was 0.2mL, the yield of prenyl alcohol was 26%

scholarly journals FeCl3-Modified Carbonaceous Catalysts from Orange Peel for Solvent-Free Alpha-Pinene Oxidation

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7729
Author(s):  
Adrianna Kamińska ◽  
Piotr Miądlicki ◽  
Karolina Kiełbasa ◽  
Jarosław Serafin ◽  
Joanna Sreńscek-Nazzal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The work presents the synthesis of FeCl3-modified carbonaceous catalysts obtained from waste orange peel and their application in the oxidation of alpha-pinene in solvent-free reaction conditions. The use of waste orange peel as presented here (not described in the literature) is an effective and cheap way of managing this valuable and renewable biomass. FeCl3-modified carbonaceous materials were obtained by a two-stage method: in the first stage, activated carbon was obtained, and in the second stage, it was modified by FeCl3 in the presence of H3PO4 (three different molar ratios of these two compounds were used in the studies). The obtained FeCl3-modified carbon materials were subjected to detailed instrumental studies using the methods FT-IR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence) and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), while the textural properties of these materials were also studied, such as the specific surface area and total pore volume. Catalytic tests with the three modified activated carbons showed that the catalyst obtained with the participation of 6 M of FeCl3 and 3 M aqueous solutions of H3PO4 was the most active in the oxidation of alpha-pinene. Further tests (influence of temperature, amount of catalyst, and reaction time) with this catalyst made it possible to determine the most favorable conditions for conducting oxidation on this type of catalyst, and allowed study of the kinetics of this process. The most favorable conditions for the process were: temperature of 100 °C, catalyst content of 0.5 wt% and reaction time 120 min (very mild process conditions). The conversion of the organic raw material obtained under these conditions was 40 mol%, and the selectivity of the transformation to alpha-pinene oxide reached the value of 35 mol%. In addition to the epoxy compound, other valuable products, such as verbenone and verbenol, were formed while carrying out the process.

scholarly journals Synthesis of tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles using HMTA-BAIL@MIL-101(Cr) as a superior heterogeneous catalyst

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Abdollahi-Basir ◽  
Boshra Mirhosseini-Eshkevari ◽  
Farzad Zamani ◽  
Mohammad Ali Ghasemzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Short Reaction Time ◽  
Three Component Reaction ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Novel Catalyst

AbstractA one-pot three component reaction of benzaldehydes, 1H-tetrazole-5-amine, and 3-cyanoacetyl indole in the presence of a new hexamethylenetetramine-based ionic liquid/MIL-101(Cr) metal–organic framework as a recyclable catalyst was explored. This novel catalyst, which was fully characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR, TGA, BET, and TEM exhibited outstanding catalytic activity for the preparation of a range of pharmaceutically important tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles with good to excellent yields in short reaction time.

scholarly journals Renewable Biomass Utilization: A Way Forward to Establish Sustainable Chemical and Processing Industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-259
Author(s):  
Yadhu N. Guragain ◽  
Praveen V. Vadlani
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Sustainability Criteria ◽  
Biomass Component ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
Multiple Challenges

Lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks are promising alternatives to fossil fuels for meeting raw material needs of processing industries and helping transit from a linear to a circular economy and thereby meet the global sustainability criteria. The sugar platform route in the biochemical conversion process is one of the promising and extensively studied methods, which consists of four major conversion steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and product purification. Each of these conversion steps has multiple challenges. Among them, the challenges associated with the pretreatment are the most significant for the overall process because this is the most expensive step in the sugar platform route and it significantly affects the efficiency of all subsequent steps on the sustainable valorization of each biomass component. However, the development of a universal pretreatment method to cater to all types of feedstock is nearly impossible due to the substantial variations in compositions and structures of biopolymers among these feedstocks. In this review, we have discussed some promising pretreatment methods, their processing and chemicals requirements, and the effect of biomass composition on deconstruction efficiencies. In addition, the global biomass resources availability and process intensification ideas for the lignocellulosic-based chemical industry have been discussed from a circularity and sustainability standpoint.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Synthesis of Sodalite-Type N-A-S-H from Fly Ash to Remove Ammonium and Phosphorus from Water

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2741
Author(s):  
Pengcheng Lv ◽  
Ruihong Meng ◽  
Zhongyang Mao ◽  
Min Deng
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sodium Aluminosilicate ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
One Step ◽  
Ft Ir

In this study, the hydrated sodium aluminosilicate material was synthesized by one-step hydrothermal alkaline desilication using fly ash (FA) as raw material. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR and SEM. The characterization results showed that the alkali-soluble desilication successfully had synthesized the sodium aluminosilicate crystalline (N-A-S-H) phase of sodalite-type (SOD), and the modified material had good ionic affinity and adsorption capacity. In order to figure out the suitability of SOD as an adsorbent for the removal of ammonium and phosphorus from wastewater, the effects of material dosing, contact time, ambient pH and initial solute concentration on the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphorus are investigated by intermittent adsorption tests. Under the optimal adsorption conditions, the removal rate of ammonium was 73.3%, the removal rate of phosphate was 85.8% and the unit adsorption capacity reached 9.15 mg/L and 2.14 mg/L, respectively. Adsorption kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of ammonium and phosphorus by SOD was consistent with a quasi-secondary kinetic model. The adsorption isotherm analysis showed that the equilibrium data were in good agreement with the Langmuir and Freundlich model. According to thermodynamic calculations, the adsorption of ammonium and phosphorus was found to be a heat-absorbing and spontaneous process. Therefore, the preparation of SOD by modified FA has good adsorption properties as adsorbent and has excellent potential for application in the removal of contaminants from wastewater.

scholarly journals A Methodology Based on FT-IR Data Combined with Random Forest Model to Generate Spectralprints for the Characterization of High-Quality Vinegars

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
José Luis P. Calle ◽  
Marta Ferreiro-González ◽  
Ana Ruiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gerardo F. Barbero ◽  
José Á. Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Protected Designation Of Origin ◽  
Ft Ir

Sherry wine vinegar is a Spanish gourmet product under Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). Before a vinegar can be labeled as Sherry vinegar, the product must meet certain requirements as established by its PDO, which, in this case, means that it has been produced following the traditional solera and criadera ageing system. The quality of the vinegar is determined by many factors such as the raw material, the acetification process or the aging system. For this reason, mainly producers, but also consumers, would benefit from the employment of effective analytical tools that allow precisely determining the origin and quality of vinegar. In the present study, a total of 48 Sherry vinegar samples manufactured from three different starting wines (Palomino Fino, Moscatel, and Pedro Ximénez wine) were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data were combined with unsupervised exploratory techniques such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), as well as other nonparametric supervised techniques, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), for the characterization of the samples. The HCA and PCA results present a clear grouping trend of the vinegar samples according to their raw materials. SVM in combination with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) successfully classified 100% of the samples, according to the type of wine used for their production. The RF method allowed selecting the most important variables to develop the characteristic fingerprint (“spectralprint”) of the vinegar samples according to their starting wine. Furthermore, the RF model reached 100% accuracy for both LOOCV and out-of-bag (OOB) sets.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar Prepared from Food Waste through Different Thermal Treatment Processes on Crop Growth

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Hang Jia ◽  
Haoxi Ben ◽  
Fengze Wu
Keyword(s):  
Crop Growth ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Impact

Biochar is generally accepted and increasingly valued in scientific circles as solid products in the thermochemical conversion of biomass, mainly because of its rich carbon content. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of biochar from different sources on wheat growth. In particular, this work focused on the effect of different preparation methods and raw material of biochar on the growth of wheat and aim to find a potential soil substitute that can be used for crop cultivation. Two synthetic methods were evaluated: hydrothermal conversion and pyrolysis. The characterization of biochar was determined to explore the impact of its microstructure on wheat growth. The results show that the yield of biochar produced from high-pressure reactor is significantly higher than that obtained by using microwave reactor. For example, the biochar yield obtained through the former is about six times that of the latter when using steamed bread cooked as biomass raw material. In addition, the growth trend of wheat indicates that biochar has different promoting effects on the growth of wheat in its weight and height. The pyrolyzed carbon is more suitable for wheat growth and is even more effective than soil, indicating that pyrolyzed biochar has more potential to be an alternative soil in the future. Moreover, this research tries to explore the reasons that affect crop growth by characterizing biochar (including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), biofilm electrostatic test (BET) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)). The results indicate that the biochar containing more pits and less hydroxyl functional are more suitable for storing moisture, which is one of the significant factors in the growth of crops. This study provides evidence of the effects of biochar on crop growth, both in terms of microstructure and macroscopic growth trends, which provides significant benefits for biochar to grow crops or plants.

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