scholarly journals Strontium Is Released Rapidly From Agricultural Lime–Implications for Provenance and Migration Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Andreasen ◽  
Erik Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Hydrated Ions ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Very High

The use of strontium isotopes in pre-historic mobility studies requires accurate isoscapes for evaluating whether pre-historic individuals are local to the areas in which they were buried or not. Isoscapes are often based on modern-day samples, commonly surface waters. There is, however, growing evidence that modern-day farming has a significant impact on the strontium isotopic composition of surface waters and farmed soils, mainly due to the use of agricultural lime for soil improvement. In this paper, we investigate the fate of strontium from agricultural lime in an experimentally-manipulated field in central Jutland, Denmark. Agricultural limestone was added to this field at very high rates in 2012 and 2013 to investigate CO2 storage in soils. Strontium was first measured from the site in 2014. In 2019 we reevaluated strontium concentrations and found that 80–100% of the strontium from the agricultural lime had leached out of the organic-rich topsoil, and likely seeped into the underlying groundwater and nearby surface waters. In both the sandy soils of the liming test site and farmed soils and heathland in the adjacent area, Sr exhibits a degree of mobility similar to that of calcium, which is in agreement with data for other soil types and what is predicted by the size of its hydrated ions. Strontium isotopic compositions of unfarmed heathland samples show much higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and so are not influenced by carbonates, suggesting that the limestone 87Sr/86Sr signature seen in the farmland and in streams and rivers in contact with this comes from agricultural lime, and not from natural carbonate relicts occasionally found in the area. This suggests that the 87Sr/86Sr signatures of the area were higher in pre-historic times, and that an isoscape map based on samples from modern-day farmland is inappropriate for application to provenance and mobility studies of pre-historic people. Thus, it is critical that the possible impact of farming is evaluated when conducting provenance and mobility studies, especially in areas with Sr-poor soils and where agricultural lime is used for soil improvement. Overlooking this can result in significant overestimation of the degree of pre-historic mobility.

scholarly journals Agricultural lime disturbs natural strontium isotope variations: Implications for provenance and migration studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaav8083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Thomsen ◽  
Rasmus Andreasen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Strontium Isotope ◽  
Migration Studies ◽  
Provenance Studies ◽  
Mobility Studies ◽  
And Migration

The application of87Sr/86Sr in prehistoric mobility studies requires accurate strontium reference maps. These are often based from present-day surface waters. However, the use of agricultural lime in low to noncalcareous soils can substantially change the87Sr/86Sr compositions of surface waters. Water unaffected by agriculture in western Denmark has an average87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7124 as compared to an average of 0.7097 in water from nearby farmland. The87Sr/86Sr ratio obtained from samples over 1.5 km along a stream, which originates in a forest and flows through lime-treated farmland, decreased from 0.7131 to 0.7099. Thus,87Sr/86Sr-based mobility and provenance studies in regions with low to noncalcareous soils should be reassessed. For example, reinterpreting the iconic Bronze Age women at Egtved and Skrydstrup using values unaffected by agricultural lime indicates that it is most plausible that these individuals originated close to their burial sites and not far abroad as previously suggested.

Phosphorus Leaching Under Cut Grassland

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Turner ◽  
P. M. Haygarth
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Inorganic P ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Significant Mechanism ◽  
Total P

Phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural land to surface waters can contribute to eutrophication, excess algal growth and associated water quality problems. Grasslands have a high potential for P transfer, as they receive P inputs as mineral fertiliser and concentrates cycled through livestock manures. The transfer of P can occur through surface and subsurface pathways, although the capacity of most soils to fix inorganic P has meant that subsurface P transfer by leaching mechanisms has often been perceived as negligible. We investigated this using large-scale monolith lysimeters (135 cm deep, 80 cm diameter) to monitor leachate P under four grassland soil types. Leachate was collected during the 1997–98 drainage year and analysed for a range of P fractions. Mean concentrations of total P routinely exceeded 100 μg l−1 from all soil types and, therefore, exceeded P concentrations above which eutrophication and algal growth can occur. The majority of the leachate P was in algal-available Mo-reactive (inorganic) forms, although a large proportion occurred in unreactive (organic) forms. We suggest that subsurface transfer by leaching can represent a significant mechanism for agricultural P transfer from some soils and must be given greater consideration as a potential source of diffuse P pollution to surface waters.

Studies on radionuclide transport behaviour–The next generation of in-situ experiments at the Grimsel Test Site

2009 ◽  
Vol 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew James Martin ◽  
Ingo Blechschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zone ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Grimsel Test Site ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Colloid Formation

AbstractTwo recent ongoing major projects at the Grimsel Test Site (GTS) (www.grimsel.com) that were initiated to simulate the long-term behaviour of radionuclides in the repository near-field and the surrounding host rock are presented: the Colloid Formation and Migration (CFM) project, which focuses on colloid generation and migration from a bentonite source doped with radionuclides and the Long-Term Diffusion (LTD) project, which aims at in-situ verification and understanding of the processes that control the long-term diffusion of repository-relevant radionuclides. So far, the CFM project has principally involved: development and implementation of a state-of-the-art sealing concept to control hydraulic gradients in a shear zone to imitate repository-relevant conditions; extensive laboratory studies to examine bentonite erosion and colloid formation in a shear zone; and, development of models to estimate colloid formation and migration. The next stage will be to assess the behavior of bentonite colloids generated from a radionuclide spiked bentonite source-term emplaced into the controlled flow field of the shear zone. This will be coupled with further extensive laboratory studies in order to refine and evaluate the colloid models currently used in performance assessments. The LTD project consists of: a monopole diffusion experiment where weakly sorbing and non-sorbing radionuclides (3H, 22Na, 131I, 134Cs) have been circulating and diffusing into undisturbed rock matrix since June 2007; experiments to characterise pore space geometry, including determination of in-situ porosity with 14C doped MMA resin for comparison with laboratory derived data; a study of natural tracers to elucidate evidence of long-term diffusion processes; and, an investigation of the in-situ matrix diffusion paths in core material from earlier GTS experiments. Future experiments will focus on diffusion processes starting from a water-conducting feature under realistic boundary conditions.

scholarly journals Orthohantaviruses, Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kabwe ◽  
Yuriy Davidyuk ◽  
Anton Shamsutdinov ◽  
Ekaterina Garanina ◽  
Ekaterina Martynova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
And Migration ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Orthohantaviruses give rise to the emerging infections such as of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Eurasia and the Americas, respectively. In this review we will provide a comprehensive analysis of orthohantaviruses distribution and circulation in Eurasia and address the genetic diversity and evolution of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV), which causes HFRS in this region. Current data indicate that the geographical location and migration of the natural hosts can lead to the orthohantaviruses genetic diversity as the rodents adapt to the new environmental conditions. The data shows that a high level of diversity characterizes the genome of orthohantaviruses, and the PUUV genome is the most divergent. The reasons for the high genome diversity are mainly caused by point mutations and reassortment, which occur in the genome segments. However, it still remains unclear whether this diversity is linked to the disease’s severity. We anticipate that the information provided in this review will be useful for optimizing and developing preventive strategies of HFRS, an emerging zoonosis with potentially very high mortality rates.

Speciation of iron, copper and zinc in the Hawkesbury River

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Pik ◽  
JM Eckert ◽  
KL Williams
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Chelating Resin ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Hydrated Ions ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Iron Fraction

A combination of membrane filtration, ion exchange, coprecipitation and thin-film X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to obtain data on the chemical speciation of iron, copper and zinc in surface waters, ranging in salinity from 0 to 30Ym, of the Hawkesbury River, N.S.W. Iron, the principal trace metal, was found mainly (>90%) in the particulate form. The dissolved (filterable) iron fraction was largely non-ion- exchangeable (colloidal) in the freshwater region and ion-exchangeable in saline waters (as hydrated ions or metal complexes that dissociate on the chelating resin column). Copper and zinc, by contrast, were almost entirely filterable over the whole salinity range, copper being 50-100% in the non-ion-exchangeable fraction, and zinc, 70-100% ion-exchangeable.

scholarly journals The accuracy of simple soil water models in climate forecasting

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Blyth ◽  
C. C. Daamen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Layer Model ◽  
Climate Forecasting ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Two Layer Model ◽  
Water Models

Abstract. Several simple soil water models with four layers or less, typical of those used in GCMS, are compared to a complex multilayered model. They are tested by applying a repeating wetting/drying cycle at different frequencies, and run to equilibrium. The ability of the simple soil models to reproduce the results of the multilayer model vary according to the frequency of the forcing cycle, the soil type, the number of layers and the depth of the top layer of the model. The best overall performance was from the four layer model. The two layer model with a thin top layer (0.1 m) modelled sandy soils well while the two layer model with a thick top layer (0.5 m) modelled clay soils well. The model with just one layer overestimated evaporation during long drying periods for all soil types.

Revision of Australian jumping spider genus Servaea Simon 1887 (Aranaea: Salticidae) including use of DNA sequence data and predicted distributions

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3350 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
BARRY J. RICHARDSON ◽  
NICOLE L. GUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Information

The genus Servaea Simon 1887 is revised and redefined. Descriptions and identification keys are provided to the following sixspecies, of which three are described as new: Servaea incana (Karsch 1878), Servaea narraweena n. sp., Servaea melaina n.sp., Servaea spinibarbis Simon 1909, Servaea villosa (Keyserling 1881) and Servaea zabkai n. sp. The type species of thegenus, Servaea vestita (L. Koch 1879), is proposed here to be a junior synonym of Servaea incana. In addition to the diagnosesand descriptions, distributional and nucleotide sequence information are provided. DNA sequence data for the segment of COIused in other salticid studies was obtained for the five species for which suitable material was available. Intraspecific variationin S. villosa and S. incana were studied in more detail. Within-species divergence was S. melaina and S spinibarbis, had adjacent predicted distributions, one coastal on sandy soils and one inland on other soil types.

Efficiency of the salt flotation technique in the recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from the soil

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.O. Ajala ◽  
S.O. Asaolu
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Zinc Sulphate Solution

AbstractThe efficacy of the salt flotation technique using saturated solutions of sodium nitrate (specific gravity 1.30) and zinc sulphate (specific gravity 1.16) for separating Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from clay, loamy and sandy soils has been investigated. Ten samples of each of the egg concentrations of 100, 500, 2500, 5000 and 10,000 eggs/25 g of soil were used for each soil type. Using T-test and ANOVA, the number of eggs recovered from sand was significantly higher than from loam and the number from loam significantly higher than from clay. With sodium nitrate, the maximum egg recovery rate was 25.04% from sandy soil at a concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil while with zinc sulphate it was 13.88% also from sandy soil and concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil. While the number of eggs recovered increased with soil egg concentration, the percentage of eggs recovered is inversely proportional to egg concentration. The number of eggs recovered with sodium nitrate was significantly higher than with zinc sulphate solution in the three soil types.

The Influence of Injection Conditions and Soil Types on Soil Improvement by Microbial Functions

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Inagaki ◽  
M. Tsukamoto ◽  
H. Mori ◽  
T. Sasaki ◽  
K. Soga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Soil Types

Water relations of woody plants on contrasting soils during drought: does edaphic compensation account for dry rainforest distribution?

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Curran ◽  
Peter J. Clarke ◽  
Nigel W. M. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
Compensation Hypothesis

The occurrence of dry rainforest in climates considered drier than the recognised limit for rainforest has been explained by the edaphic compensation hypothesis, which proposed that finer-textured soils facilitate the occurrence of rainforest at climatic extremes. We tested this by examining the effect of soil type on the water relations and plant traits of four dry rainforest species, during a severe drought and subsequent non-drought periods. We predicted plants growing in sandy soils would exhibit higher levels of water stress (lower predawn water potential and stomatal conductance) and possess morphological and physiological traits that more typically reflect drought resistance (late leaf fall in deciduous species, low specific leaf area, vertical leaf angles and stomata that close at low water potential) than those growing in loam soils. During drought, levels of water stress were similar across soil types, while post-drought plants on sandy soils were less stressed. Soil type did not cause shifts in drought tolerance traits, suggesting there has been no ecotypic differentiation of dry rainforest species across soil types for these traits. Hence, we found no support for the edaphic compensation hypothesis in adult plants; future studies should consider other life-cycle stages, such as seedlings.

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