scholarly journals Orthohantaviruses, Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kabwe ◽  
Yuriy Davidyuk ◽  
Anton Shamsutdinov ◽  
Ekaterina Garanina ◽  
Ekaterina Martynova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
And Migration ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Orthohantaviruses give rise to the emerging infections such as of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in Eurasia and the Americas, respectively. In this review we will provide a comprehensive analysis of orthohantaviruses distribution and circulation in Eurasia and address the genetic diversity and evolution of Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV), which causes HFRS in this region. Current data indicate that the geographical location and migration of the natural hosts can lead to the orthohantaviruses genetic diversity as the rodents adapt to the new environmental conditions. The data shows that a high level of diversity characterizes the genome of orthohantaviruses, and the PUUV genome is the most divergent. The reasons for the high genome diversity are mainly caused by point mutations and reassortment, which occur in the genome segments. However, it still remains unclear whether this diversity is linked to the disease’s severity. We anticipate that the information provided in this review will be useful for optimizing and developing preventive strategies of HFRS, an emerging zoonosis with potentially very high mortality rates.

scholarly journals Regional demographic policy as a component of social well-being of population (on the materials of Primorsky krai)

POPULATION ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Elena Kostina ◽  
Nadezhda Orlova ◽  
Anastasia Rubina
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Far East ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
And Migration ◽  
High Level ◽  
Demographic Policy

The relevance of the regional demographic policy study in the Far East is beyond doubt. This article considers the real demographic situation in Primorsky krai and shows that its territory has seen a steady decline in the population due to natural decrease and migration outflow connected with the low standard and quality of life that in turn reduces the attractiveness of the region and makes it particularly vulnerable to global challenges. Attention is paid to the fact that under the conditions of the Russian Federation subjects' differentiation by geographical location, natural resources potential and level of socio-economic development there is no single approach to the regional demographic policy. Differences in the characteristics of the subjects lead to the necessity of developing demographic programs that would take into account the regional specifics, traditions, characteristics and needs of a particular territory. There are presented the results of the author's study of subjective assessments of the social well-being of young people in Primorsky krai and their migration intentions. The data obtained show that a significant part of young people assess the situation in Primorsky krai as unfavorable for further self-realization; the majority of respondents answered that in other regions/countries it would be easier for them to build a career, start a business, and achieve a high level of material well-being. The directions of the regional demographic policy, which allow attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel in the region, are suggested.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of High Temperature on Mortality in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Mushtaq Ahmad Khan Barakzai ◽  
S.M. Aqil Burney
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

The objective of this paper is to model and study the impact of high temperature on mortality in Pakistan. For this purpose, we have used mortality and climate data consisting of maximum temperature, variation in monthly temperature, average rainfall, humidity, dewpoint, as well as average air pressure in the country over the period from 2000 to 2019. We have used the Generalized Linear Model with Quasi-Poisson link function to model the number of deaths in the country and to assess the impact of maximum temperature on mortality. We have found that the maximum temperature in the country has a significant impact on mortality. The number of deaths in Pakistan increases as the maximum temperature increases. We found that, as the maximum temperature increase beyond 30 °C, mortality increases significantly. Our results indicate that mortality increases by 27% when the maximum temperature in the country increases from medium category to a very high level. Similarly, the number of deaths in the country increases by 11% when the temperature increases from medium temperature to high level. Furthermore, our study found that when the maximum temperature in the country decreases from a medium level to a low level, the number of deaths in the country decreases by 23%. This study does not consider the impact of other factors on mortality, such as age, medical conditions, gender, geographical location, as well as variability of temperature across the country.

scholarly journals Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Very-High-Level Resistance to Penicillin

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 3016-3023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie J. Schrag ◽  
Lesley McGee ◽  
Cynthia G. Whitney ◽  
Bernard Beall ◽  
Allen S. Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT Penicillin resistance threatens the treatment of pneumococcal infections. We used sentinel hospital surveillance (1978 to 2001) and population-based surveillance (1995 to 2001) in seven states in the Active Bacterial Core surveillance of the Emerging Infections Program Network to document the emergence in the United States of invasive pneumococcal isolates with very-high-level penicillin resistance (MIC ≥ 8 μg/ml). Very-high-level penicillin resistance was first detected in 1995 in multiple pneumococcal serotypes in three regions of the United States. The prevalence increased from 0.56% (14 of 2,507) of isolates in 1995 to 0.87% in 2001 (P = 0.03), with peaks in 1996 and 2000 associated with epidemics in Georgia and Maryland. For a majority of the strains the MICs of amoxicillin (91%), cefuroxime (100%), and cefotaxime (68%), were ≥8 μg/ml and all were resistant to at least one other drug class. Pneumonia (50%) and bacteremia (36%) were the most common clinical presentations. Factors associated with very highly resistant infections included residence in Tennessee, age of <5 or ≥65 years, and resistance to at least three drug classes. Hospitalization and case fatality rates were not higher than those of other pneumococcal infection patients; length of hospital stay was longer, controlling for age. Among the strains from 2000 and 2001, 39% were related to Tennessee23F-4 and 35% were related to England14-9. After the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, the incidence of highly penicillin resistant infections decreased by 50% among children <5 years of age. The emergence, clonality, and association of very-high-level penicillin resistance with multiple drug resistance requires further monitoring and highlights the need for novel agents active against the pneumococcus.

Assessment of the genetic diversity and population structure of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) germplasm of the Northwestern Himalaya using SSR markers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Aijaz A. Wani ◽  
Khalid Hussain ◽  
Showkat A. Zargar ◽  
Faizan Ahmad ◽  
Reetika Mahajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca L ◽  
Genetic Pool ◽  
High Level

Abstract Apricot is considered an ecologically and economically important tree species of the stone-fruit crops that is widely grown in temperate regions of the world. Very few studies on apricot genetic diversity assessment have been carried out from the regions of Kashmir and Ladakh. In this backdrop, the present study was carried out to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of 120 apricot genotypes collected from both the regions using 21 SSR markers. A total of 52 alleles were amplified with average values of marker index (MI) = 0.7084, resolving power (RP) = 2.8690, polymorphism information content (PIC) = 0.3132, Na = 2.317, Ne = 1.720, I = 0.572, Ho = 0.284, He = 0.360 and an average polymorphism of 91.2% per assay indicating high level of genetic diversity. The neighbour-joining (NJ) dendrogram generated three main clusters among selected apricot genotypes independent of their geographical locations. Interestingly, the result of the dendrogram coincides with the results of structure analysis which showed that the 120 apricot genotypes could be assigned to three (K = 3) sub-populations and the grouping of genotypes did not follow their geographical location suggesting that they share the same genetic pool. Moreover, analysis of molecular variance showed that 73% of the variation was attributed to differences within the individuals, 25% among individuals while only 2% of the variation was observed among the populations. The present study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure of apricot genotypes in Kashmir and Ladakh regions of India.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and admixture in three native draught horse breeds assessed using microsatellite markers

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Vostrá-Vydrová ◽  
L. Vostrý ◽  
B. Hofmanová ◽  
N. Moravčíková ◽  
Z. Veselá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Membership Probability ◽  
High Genetic Variability ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Genetic Segregation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

In this study, we aimed to estimate and compare genetic diversity of two native draught horse breeds and check the possible influence of Noriker breed population on these native breeds. Genetic analyses of relationships and admixture were performed in two native endangered draught horse populations (Silesian Noriker and Czech-Moravian Belgian horses) and one open breed (Noriker). Totally 104 alleles from 13 microsatellite loci were detected in 1298 horses. The average number of alleles per locus was the highest in the Czech-Moravian Belgian horse (7.62) and the lowest in the Silesian Noriker (7.31), the differences were non-significant, whereas the observed and expected heterozygosities per breed ranged from 0.680 (Czech-Moravian Belgian) to 0.719 (Noriker) and from 0.678 (Silesian Noriker) to 0.714 (Noriker). The estimates of Wright’s F<sub>ST</sub> between each pair of breeds indicated a low level of genetic segregation. At the individual level across the analyzed population, formation of two clusters was observed with respect to historical breed development. Moreover, the membership probability outputs showed that the frequencies of alleles varied across the two main regions represented by the Czech-Moravian Belgian and other analyzed breeds. Our results indicated high genetic variability, low inbreeding, and low genetic differentiation, especially between Silesian Noriker and Noriker, which is caused by the high level of admixture. This high level of admixture was in accordance with geographical location, history, and breeding practices of the analyzed breeds. The Silesian Noriker and Noriker breeds seem to be the most genetically related and the decision to consider them as the same population is thus highly supported. The study provides data and information utilizable in the management of conservation programs planned to reduce inbreeding and to minimize loss of genetic variability.  

scholarly journals Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Structure at Fine Scale of an Endangered Moroccan Endemic Tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) Based on ISSR Polymorphism

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 528-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamila MOUHADDAB ◽  
Naima AIT AABD ◽  
Hafid ACHTAK ◽  
Fouad MSANDA ◽  
Abdelaziz ZAHIDI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Polymorphic Locus ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Inter Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Argania Spinosa ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
High Level

The preservation of the diversity of endangered populations of argan trees, in their natural habitat, is a crucial step toward their conservation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of the argan trees in the wild, and to establish a phylogenetic map using DNA fingerprints. The ultimate goal was to develop a core set that would represent the existing diversity in the whole germplasm. In regard to this, 200 samples of Argania spinosa individual trees were collected from 10 different provenances in the region of Essaouira (Morocco). The genetic variation between and within these argan trees was investigated using previously described Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat markers. These markers generated a total of 149 fragments, in which 148 (99.33%) were polymorphic. The samples collected in the ‘Ouled Lhaj’ provenance showed the lowest diversity (% of polymorphic locus P=48.32%; genetic diversity Nei h=0.153; allelic richness A=1.483), compared to those collected in the ‘Mramer’ provenance (%P=68.46%; h=0.233; A=1.685). Also, the results showed a high level of genetic differentiation among provenances (AMOVA=44%, Gst=0.40), and a limited gene flow (Nm=0.73) between the provenances. In addition, these data suggested a low correlation between the genetic diversity of the tree and their respective geographical location in relation to the proximity to the littoral. Finally, a core collection of 13 genotypes that represent the essential of the detected diversity was established. The distribution pattern of this genetic diversity provides an important baseline data for the conservation strategies of argan tree species in the wild.

scholarly journals High Genetic Diversity and Adaptive Potential of Two Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses in a Wild Primate Population

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Bailey ◽  
Michael Lauck ◽  
Andrea Weiler ◽  
Samuel D. Sibley ◽  
Jorge M. Dinis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Red Colobus ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Natural Hosts

Key biological properties such as high genetic diversity and high evolutionary rate enhance the potential of certain RNA viruses to adapt and emerge. Identifying viruses with these properties in their natural hosts could dramatically improve disease forecasting and surveillance. Recently, we discovered two novel members of the viral family Arteriviridae: simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)-krc1 and SHFV-krc2, infecting a single wild red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Nearly nothing is known about the biological properties of SHFVs in nature, although the SHFV type strain, SHFV-LVR, has caused devastating outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive macaques. Here we detected SHFV-krc1 and SHFV-krc2 in 40% and 47% of 60 wild red colobus tested, respectively. We found viral loads in excess of 1x10^6-1x10^7 RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma for each of these viruses. SHFV-krc1 and SHFV-krc2 also showed high genetic diversity at both the inter- and intra-host levels. Analyses of synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide diversity across viral genomes revealed patterns suggestive of positive selection in SHFV open reading frames (ORF) 5 (SHFV-krc2 only) and 7 (SHFV-krc1 and SHFV-krc2). Thus, these viruses share several important properties with some of the most rapidly evolving, emergent RNA viruses.

scholarly journals Aplikasi SIG Untuk Pemetaan Tingkat Ancaman Longsor Di Kecamatan Sibolangit, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Sumatera Utara

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riki Rahmad ◽  
Suib Suib ◽  
Ali Nurman
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Classification Score ◽  
Threat Level ◽  
Geological Formation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Landslide Disaster

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan SIG dalam pemetaan tingkat kerawanan terjadinya bencana longsor di Kecamatan Sibolangit, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Sumatera Utara. Model yang digunakan mengacu pada pendugaan Puslittanak 2004, parameter-parameter yang digunakan untuk menentukan tingkat kerawanan adalah penutupan lahan (landcover), jenis tanah, kemiringan lahan, curah hujan dan formasi geologi (batuan induk). Pada proses pemetaan setiap parameter memiliki klasifikasi skor yang dikalikan dengan bobot masing-masing parameter, kemudian hasil perkalian skor dan bobot tersebut dijumlahkan berdasarkan kesesuaian lokasi geografisnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah Kecamatan Sibolangit memiliki potensi terjadinya tanah longsor dari tingkat rendah sampai dengan tinggi. Berdasarkan model pendugaan bencana tanah longsor tersebut didaerah penelitian dominan memiliki tingkat ancaman longsor dengan kelas kerawanan sedang meliputi 14 desa. Selain itu tingkat kerawanan longsor kelas kerawanan rendah meliputi 10 desa, tingkat kerawanan tinggi 3 desa dan tingkat kerawanan sangat tinggi 1 desa. The purpose of this research is to describe the utilization of GIS in mapping of vulnerability of landslide disaster in Sibolangit Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera. The model used refers to the estimation of Puslittanak 2004, the parameters used to determine the level of vulnerability are the land cover, soil type, land slope, rainfall and geological formation (rocks). In the process of mapping each parameter has a classification score multiplied by the weight of each parameter, then the results of the multiplication of the score and weight are summed based on the suitability of geographical location. The results showed that the District of Sibolangit has the potential for landslides from low to high levels. Based on the prediction model of landslide disaster in the dominant research area has a landslide threat level with vulnerability class covering 14 villages. In addition, the low vulnerability of low vulnerability landslide includes 10 villages, high level of vulnerability of 3 villages and very high level of vulnerability 1 villages.  

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and evolution of Hantaan virus in China and its neighbors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naizhe Li ◽  
Aqian Li ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Chuan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Hantaan Virus ◽  
Holistic Perspective ◽  
Complete Sequences ◽  
And Migration ◽  
And Control

AbstractBackgroudHantaan virus (HTNV), as one of the pathogenic hantaviruses of HFRS, has raised serious concerns in Eurasia. China and its neighbors, especially Russia and South Korea, are seriously suffered HTNV infections. Recent studies reported genetic diversity and phylogenetic features of HTNV in different parts of China, but the analyses from the holistic perspective are rare.Methodology and Principal FindingsTo better understand HTNV genetic diversity and dynamics, we analyzed all available complete sequences derived from the S and M segments with bio-informatic tools. Our study revealed 11 phylogroups and sequences showed obvious geographic clustering. We found 42 significant amino acid variants sites and 18 of them located in immune epitopes. Nine recombination events and seven reassortment isolates were deteced in our study. Sequences from Guizhou were highly genetic divergent, characterized by the emergence of multiple lineages, recombination and reassortment events. We found that HTNV probably emerged in Zhejiang about 1,000 years ago and the population size expanded from 1980s to 1990s. Bayesian stochastic search variable selection analysis revealed that Heilongjiang, Shaanxi and Guizhou played important roles in HTNV evolution and migration.Conclusions/SignificanceThese findings reveal the original and evolution features of HTNV which might assist in understanding Hantavirus epidemics and would be useful for disease prevention and control.Author summaryHemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) are endemic zoonotic infectious diseases caused by hantaviruses that belong to the Family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses have gained worldwide attention as etiological agents of emerging zoonotic diseases, with fatality rates ranging from <10% up to 60%. However, our knowledge about the emergence and evolution of HTNV is limited. To get more information about HTNV genetic diversity and phylogenetic features in holistic perspective, we investigated the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of HTNV using all available whole genomic sequences of S and M segments. We also gain insights into the genetic diversity and spatial-temporal dynamics of HTNV. These data can augment traditional approach to infectious disease surveillance and control.

التغير المناخي واثره في المقنن المائي لمحصول العنب في محافظة ديالى

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (34) ◽  
pp. 391-422
Author(s):  
اشواق حسن حميد صالح
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Solar Brightness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Climate Station ◽  
The Times ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Climate change and its impact on water resources is the problem of the times. Therefore, this study is concerned with the subject of climate change and its impact on the water ration of the grape harvest in Diyala Governorate. The study was based on the data of the Khanaqin climate station for the period 1973-2017, (1986-2017) due to lack of data at governorate level. The general trend of the elements of the climate and its effect on the water formula was extracted. The equation of change was extracted for the duration of the study. The statistical analysis was also used between the elements of the climate (actual brightness, normal temperature, micro and maximum degrees Celsius, wind speed m / s, relative humidity% The results of the statistical analysis confirm that the water ration for the study area is based mainly on the X7 evaporation / netting variable, which is affected by a set of independent variables X1 Solar Brightness X4 X5 Extreme Temperature Wind Speed ​​3X Minimal Temperature and Very High Level .

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