scholarly journals Effects of Different Diet Types on Growth and Survival of White-Clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes in Hatcheries

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen Nightingale ◽  
Gareth Jones ◽  
Gráinne McCabe ◽  
Paul Stebbing
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Live Food ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Optimal Diet ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Austropotamobius Pallipes ◽  
Survival And Growth

Developing an optimal diet for rearing endangered white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes is important for captive breeding success prior to wild release. Four ex situ, 40-day experiments assessed survival and growth of crayfish fed different treatment diets. Two experiments (A and B) were undertaken with hatchlings, to determine if live food was an essential dietary component during the first few weeks after hatching. The second set of experiments (C and D) were undertaken with juvenile (60-day-old) A. pallipes, to determine an optimal diet after the initial critical feeding stage. In experiment A, we fed hatchlings: i) live Artemia nauplii + plankton (Live + P); ii) decapsulated Artemia cysts + plankton (Cyst + P) or iii) decapsulated Artemia cysts + plankton encapsulated in agar gel (Gel + CP). Survival and growth was significantly greater with Live + P than with the other two diets. In experiment B we compared Live + P with commercially available feeds by feeding hatchlings: i) live Artemia nauplii + Australian pellet (Live + Aus); ii) live Artemia nauplii plus New Zealand pellet (Live + NZ); iii) live Artemia nauplii + plankton (Live + P); or (iv) practical Spanish crayfish pellet diet (Spain). Under these experimental conditions crayfish survival was significantly higher with Live + P diet than with Live + Aus or Spain. Growth was also significantly greater with Live + P than with the Live + NZ or Spanish treatment diets. In experiment C, 60-day-old juvenile A. pallipes were fed: i) defrosted plankton plus vegetables (Standard) or (ii) defrosted plankton plus vegetables encapsulated in agar gel (Gel + PV). Survival was not significantly different between the diets; however, growth was significantly greater with the Standard diet rather than Gel + PV. In experiment D, juveniles were fed four different diets: i) Australian pellet (Australia); ii) New Zealand pellet (New Zealand); iii) plankton and vegetables (Standard); or iv) practical Spanish diet (Spain). Survival was significantly lower in crayfish fed the New Zealand diet. Crayfish growth was significantly greater with the Standard diet of plankton and vegetables than all three pellet diets. Our results showed that live food is optimal for high survival and growth in A. pallipes hatchlings and a plankton, plus vegetable, diet produces higher growth in juveniles compared to pellet diets.

scholarly journals Reproductive Anatomy of Chondrichthyans: Notes on Specimen Handling and Sperm Extraction. II. Sharks and Chimaeras

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2191
Author(s):  
Pablo García-Salinas ◽  
Victor Gallego ◽  
Juan F. Asturiano
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Specimen Handling ◽  
Viable Sperm ◽  
Abdominal Massage ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy ◽  
Conservation Projects ◽  
Breeding Techniques

The chondrichthyan fishes, which comprise sharks, rays, and chimaeras, are one of the most threatened groups of vertebrates on the planet. Given this situation, an additional strategy for the protection of these species could be the ex situ conservation projects developed in public aquaria and research centers. Nevertheless, to increase sustainability and to develop properly in situ reintroduction strategies, captive breeding techniques, such as sperm extraction and artificial insemination, should be developed. These techniques are commonly used in other threatened species and could be also used in chondrichthyans. However, the different reproductive morphologies found in this group can complicate both processes. Therefore, a comparison of the reproductive anatomy of eight distinct chondrichthyans, with an emphasis on those important differences when performing sperm extraction or artificial insemination, is carried out herein. Sharks and chimaeras belonging to the Scyliorhinidae, Carcharhinidae, Centrophoridae, Etmopteridae, Hexanchidae, and Chimaeridae families were obtained from commercial fisheries, public aquaria, and stranding events. In addition, the process of obtaining viable sperm samples through cannulation, abdominal massage, and oviducal gland extraction is described in detail for both living and dead animals.

New Zealand collections of Rhododendron as a resource for ex situ conservation

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
M. B. MacKay ◽  
G. F. Smith ◽  
S. E. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ

scholarly journals First Captive Breeding Program for the Endangered Pyrenean Sculpin (Cottus hispaniolensis Bacescu-Master, 1964)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2986
Author(s):  
Joan Manubens ◽  
Oriol Comas ◽  
Núria Valls ◽  
Lluís Benejam
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Captive Breeding Program ◽  
Critical Phases ◽  
Conservation Plans

The strong decline of freshwater fish species in Europe implies that further ex-situ conservation plans should be implemented in the near future. The present study reflects our experience with the Pyrenean sculpin (Cottus hispaniolensis Bacescu-Mester, 1964)—a small cottid endemic to the Hispano-French Garona River basin. In recent years, the Spanish Pyrenean sculpin population has reached a limit situation. Because of that, the non-profit association ADEFFA—with support from the public administration—started the first captive breeding program for this species in 2006. Fourteen years later, this study presents the results and evaluates the different steps of the program, with the aim of discussing and improving the ex-situ conservation plans for this and other cold freshwater species. There is a description and a comparison between six consecutive phases during the captive breeding process: nesting behaviour, courtship, egg fixation, parental care (incubation), hatching and survival during juvenile development. The purposes of this project are to: (1) identify the most determining phases for a successful captive breeding; (2) identify the factors that had a major influence to the success of the critical phases; and (3) increase the number of the offspring. This study is based on thirty-three wild individuals collected from Garona River (Val d’Aran, Spanish Pyrenees). During the program, twelve couples spawned in captive conditions, with around 2300 eggs laid. Eight couples bred successfully, with 751 hatched individuals and 608 juveniles reared. The analysis of each step of the captive breeding does not reveal significant differences between phases, so it can be concluded that they are all critical at the same level. In the literature, similar study-cases of captive breeding programs identify incubation and survival phases as the most critical. Consequently, the management made for this project has probably allowed to overcome in part the main impediments described in other similar programs.

Breeding biology of the critically endangered Malherbe's parakeet on Maud Island, New Zealand, following the release of captive-bred individuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Ortiz-Catedral ◽  
Jonathan C. Kearvell ◽  
Mark E. Hauber ◽  
Dianne H. Brunton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Austral Spring ◽  
Nesting Sites

We studied a population of the critically endangered Malherbe’s parakeet (Cyanoramphus malherbi), following the release of 62 captive-bred individuals on Maud Island, New Zealand, to identify and characterise nesting sites in a novel island environment. Previous work on Malherbe’s parakeets consisted of limited observations on remnant mainland populations. The age of breeding pairs on Maud Island was 7.2 ± 4.7 months and included both captive-bred individuals of the first release flock and individuals hatched on Maud Island within a year of the first release. Nests were found in hollows of mamaku (Cyathea medullaris), vacant nests of sacred kingfisher (Todiramphus sanctus), a hole in the ground and a hollow in a kohekohe (Disoxylum spectabile). Active nests were found in the austral spring, summer and autumn. Clutch size was 5 eggs. The fledging of three Malherbe’s parakeets was confirmed for one nest 43 days after hatching. Observations of newly fledged individuals around the island indicate that at least seven successful nesting attempts occurred. Consistent with other studies in Cyanoramphus parakeets, our results suggest that availability of nesting sites on small islands may not be a limiting factor for the establishment of additional populations of Malherbe’s parakeets via captive breeding and translocation. The formation of breeding pairs at an early age, the use of diverse nesting sites in regenerating vegetation, and the evidence of successful breeding shortly after release on an island represent encouraging prospects for the conservation of New Zealand’s rarest parakeet.

Use of Artemia supplemented with exogenous digestive enzymes as sole live food increased survival and growth during the larviculture of the longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 964-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Lira Souza ◽  
Tamiris Henrique Ferreira ◽  
José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño ◽  
Maurício Laterça Martins ◽  
Aimê Rachel Magenta Magalhaes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Live Food ◽  
Survival And Growth

scholarly journals Spawning habits and embryonic development of the lampeye killifish Aplocheilichthys spilauchen in ex situ fresh-and-brackish water environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Okyere ◽  
Juliet Afrah Obeng ◽  
Samuel Ayitey ◽  
Jouke Rients Van der Zee ◽  
Herman Meeus
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Spawning Substrate ◽  
Significant Step

Abstract Aside from ornamental uses of killifishes, there is growing interest in using killies for a multiplicity of purposes including baitfish and mosquito biocontrol. This experiment explored the spawning habits and embryonic development of the banded lampeye, Aplocheilichthys spilauchen in ex situ freshwater (0.04 ‰) and brackish water (5.01 ‰) to ascertaining the captive breeding prospects for mosquito control in areas where they occur. Significantly higher number of eggs were laid in the brackish water than the freshwater (ꭓ2 = 1613.0, P < 0.05), and black mop was the most preferred spawning substrate, followed by green, blue and white mops. Microscopic monitoring of embryos revealed that cleavage occurred within the first 30 minutes after fertilisation, organogenesis commenced in averagely the 25th hour, and hatching in approximately 230 hours. Although certain embryonic developmental stages occurred faster in the freshwater than brackish water and freshwater eggs were relatively bigger than brackish water eggs, these differences were overall not significant and had no effects on the development and hatching. The observed outcome that A. spilauchen can be optimally propagated with black mops in brackish water offers a significant step in its use for the mosquito biocontrol programme, as well as other potential uses not yet explored.

scholarly journals Effect of Feeding Hay on Nonesterified Fatty Acids in Appetite-Suppressed Pregnant New Zealand White Rabbits

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Jesse W Veenstra ◽  
Adam J Filgo ◽  
Steven C Denham
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Reproductive Toxicology ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Pregnancy Toxemia ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
The Impact

Pregnant rabbits are a common nonrodent model for reproductive safety evaluation in preclinical drug development. During reproductive toxicology studies, rabbits are prone to decreased food consumption and anorexia. When persistent or severe, this condition can lead to hepatic lipidosis and pregnancy toxemia, which may confound the interpretation of study results. Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFAs) have been used in veterinary production medicine to evaluate the impact of diet on the energy balance of pregnant animals. In the current study, sustained-release buprenorphine was used to suppress the appetite of pregnant New Zealand white rabbits, mimicking the clinical presentation of animals in reproductive toxicology studies. Sequential NEFA evaluations during gestation, along with other clinical endpoints, such as the necessity and duration of veterinary intervention, were used to evaluate the effects of feeding hay and a pelleted diet as compared with a pelleted diet alone. Elevated NEFA levels were directly correlated to litter size, the number of viable fetuses and the number of days on veterinary consult due to severely decreased consumption of pelleted diet. Animals with hay as part of their diet did not require additional diet supplementation as determined by qualitative evaluation of hay intake and adequate fecal output. These data suggest that including hay as a portion of the standard diet benefits pregnant rabbits in laboratory or production settings.

Integrated ex situ conservation strategies for endangered New Zealand Myrtaceae species

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jayanthi Nadarajan ◽  
Karin van der Walt ◽  
Carlos A. Lehnebach ◽  
Hassan Saeiahagh ◽  
Ranjith Pathirana
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies

scholarly journals Ex situ co culturing of the sea urchin, Mespilia globulus and the coral Acropora millepora enhances early post-settlement survivorship

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Craggs ◽  
James Guest ◽  
Mark Bulling ◽  
Michael Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Benthic Algae ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Acropora Millepora ◽  
Reef Restoration ◽  
Limited Food ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Density Treatment

Abstract Reef restoration efforts, utilising sexual coral propagation need up-scaling to have ecologically meaningful impact. Post-settlement survival bottlenecks, in part due to competitive benthic algae interactions should be addressed, to improve productivity for these initiatives. Sea urchins are keystone grazers in reef ecosystems, yet feeding behaviour of adults causes physical damage and mortality to developing coral spat. To investigate if microherbivory can be utilised for co-culture, we quantitatively assessed how varying densities of juvenile sea urchins Mespilia globulus (Linnaeus, 1758), reared alongside the coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) effected survival and growth of coral recruits. Spawning of both species were induced ex situ. A comparison of A. millepora spat reared in three M. globulus densities (low 16.67 m−2, medium 37.50 m−2, high 75.00 m−2) and a non-grazed control indicated coral survival is significantly influenced by grazing activity (p < 0.001) and was highest in the highest density treatment (39.65 ± 10.88%, mean ± s.d). Urchin grazing also significantly (p < 0.001) influenced coral size (compared to non-grazing control), with colonies in the medium and high-densities growing the largest (21.13 ± 1.02 mm & 20.80 ± 0.82, mean ± s.e.m). Increased urchin density did however have a negative influence on urchin growth, a result of limited food availability.

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