scholarly journals Form and Function Predict Acoustic Transmission Properties of the Songs of Male and Female Canyon Wrens

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauryn Benedict ◽  
Braelei Hardt ◽  
Lorraine Dargis
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Song ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Transmission Properties ◽  
Use Context ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Song Transmission ◽  
Typical Habitat ◽  
And Function

To function effectively, animal signals must transmit through the environment to receivers, and signal transmission properties depend on signal form. Here we investigated how the transmission of multiple parts of a well-studied signal, bird song, varies between males and females of one species. We hypothesized that male and female songs would have different transmission properties, reflecting known differences in song form and function. We further hypothesized that two parts of male song used differentially in broadcast singing and aggressive contests would transmit differently. Analyses included male and female songs from 20 pairs of canyon wrens (Catherpes mexicanus) played and re-recorded in species-typical habitat. We found that male song cascades used in broadcast singing propagated farther than female songs, with higher signal-to-noise ratios at distance. In contrast, we demonstrated relatively restricted propagation of the two vocalization types typically used in short-distance aggressive signaling, female songs and male “cheet” notes. Of the three tested signals, male “cheet” notes had the shortest modeled propagation distances. Male and female signals blurred similarly, with variable patterns of excess attenuation. Both male song parts showed more consistent transmission across the duration of the signal than did female songs. Song transmission, thus, varied by sex and reflected signal form and use context. Results support the idea that males and females of the same species can show distinctly different signal evolution trajectories. Sexual and social selection pressures can shape sex-specific signal transmission, even when males and females are communicating in shared physical environments.

Sex-related Differences in Gene Expression in Salivary Glands of BALB/c Mice

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Treister ◽  
S.M. Richards ◽  
M.J. Lombardi ◽  
P. Rowley ◽  
R.V. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

Sex-related differences exist in the structure and function of the major glands in a variety of species. Moreover, many of these variations appear to be unique to each tissue. We hypothesized that this sexual dimorphism is due, at least in part, to gland-specific differences in gene expression between males and females. Glands were collected from male and female BALB/c mice (n = 5/sex/experiment), and total RNA was isolated. Samples were analyzed for differentially expressed mRNAs with CodeLink microarrays, and data were evaluated by GeneSifter. Our results demonstrate that significant (P < 0.05) sex-related differences exist in the expression of numerous genes in the major salivary glands, and many of these differences were tissue-specific. These findings support our hypothesis that sex-related differences in the salivary glands are due, at least in part, to tissue-specific variations in gene expression.

Circulatory and ventilatory movements of the abdomen in mosquitoes

1982 ◽  
Vol 215 (1198) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ventilatory Function ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Variable Amplitude ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Peristaltic Contractions ◽  
Alary Muscles ◽  
Lateral Walls

The lateral walls of the abdomen in freshly emerged male and female mosquitoes undergo intermittent bursts of peristaltic contractions. These movements, which may be quite violent, are lost at about 24 h in females at 30 °C but persist in males for a further 24–30 h; they are regained, however, in both sexes after a meal, even in adults 2 weeks old. The movements are associated with the muscles of the ventral diaphragm and are interpreted as being mainly circulatory in function. Rhythmic lateral contractions of a gentler nature occur throughout the life of adult mosquitoes; they are associated with the alary muscles and are interpreted as being mainly ventilatory in function. In mature unfed adults the abdominal tergites overlap the pleurae in which lie the spiracles; the lateral contractions cause this longitudinal fold to undergo a rhythmic flapping motion of variable amplitude but constant frequency. It is suggested that this flapping fold protecting the spiracles also has a ventilatory function and could perhaps be interpreted as the primordial insect wing in its early non-alary form and function. An independent peristaltic wave sometimes occurs along this fold in young adults.

Reproduction and development

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Sexual Differences ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

Reproduction and development are large topics, knowledge of which underpins several medical specialities including sexual health, fertility, gynaecology, urology, reproductive endocrinology, obstetrics, and neonatology. Doctors need to know the structure, function, and endocrine control of both male and female systems in order to diagnose and manage conditions specific to either male or female organs, as well as conditions such as impotence and infertility. Not surprisingly, the reproductive system is the only body system that shows major differences in both structure and function between males and females. However, sexual differences go beyond the primary sexual characteristics present at birth and the secondary sexual characteristics that emerge under the influence of sex hormones at puberty. Sexual dimorphism in some brain structures commences at an early age, and differences in the endocrine profiles of males and females produce characteristic changes in morphology, physiology, and behaviour that go beyond simple sexual dimorphism to affect many aspects of life, including sexual differences in susceptibility to disease and the longer life expectancy of women as compared to men that is seen around the world. Whether these differences, mainly beneficial to women, are because females are ‘biologically superior’ or because of a complex mix of genetic, behavioural, and social factors is a matter for discussion and research. Some knowledge of embryology is important to every medical student. As a minimum it provides explanations for the congenital malformations and their consequences that are encountered in many areas of clinical practice. Deeper knowledge will assist those seeking real insights into the structure of the human body. It is the study of embryological development and the knowledge of how each tissue type arises, how one tissue meets another, and how tissues move and change shape during development that explains the relations between tissues and organs in the adult human form. Achieving a full understanding of the dynamics of the formation of the body’s organs and tissues is demanding, but it can replace some of the rote learning of anatomical structures, familiar to many students, with a deeper understanding of form and function.

scholarly journals DEIKSIS DALAM BAHASA TOMBULU

Kadera Bahasa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Louisa Rina Moningka
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Linguistic Rules ◽  
And Function ◽  
Descriptive Method

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to describe the form and function of tombulu language deixis. This research is qualitative with descriptive method especially in collecting data scientifically, and producing linguistic rules in linguistics. Data for analysis need are sourced from the field and literature. Field data is collected through informants, and library data is taken from books. Data collection techniques used direct observation techniques, tapping records, notes, and interviews. For data analysis, the inductive method is adopted. The results of this study indicate that in terms of the form of tombulu language deixis can be in the form of a morpheme, a word and a phrase. In terms of function depends on the type of deixis. In tombulu only one form of deixis refer to him male and female. Deixis to designate a place in tombulu is known for three distinctions. While the possessive contructive of tombulu language is stick-right. In the syntactic distribution, the possessive construct of the tombulu language stick-right morpheme, clearly showing the characteristics of a consistent VO type language. Through deixis pointing in Tombulu language can answer Frei’s hypothesis, which says that the higher the level of culture, the simpler the language deictic system concerned. In the case of Tombulu language deixis especially the place deixis can reflect the low level of Tombulu culture. Keywords : deixis, Tombulu, language

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Differences in Oxytocin Receptor Expression and Function for Parental Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Mitre ◽  
Thorsten M. Kranz ◽  
Bianca J. Marlin ◽  
Jennifer K. Schiavo ◽  
Hediye Erdjument-Bromage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Oxytocin Receptors ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

Parental care is among the most profound behavior expressed by humans and other animals. Despite intense interest in understanding the biological basis of parental behaviors, it remains unknown how much of parenting is encoded by the genome and which abilities instead are learned or can be refined by experience. One critical factor at the intersection between innate behaviors and experience-dependent learning is oxytocin, a neurohormone important for maternal physiology and neuroplasticity. Oxytocin acts throughout the body and brain to promote prosocial and maternal behaviors and modulates synaptic transmission to affect neural circuit dynamics. Recently we developed specific antibodies to mouse oxytocin receptors, found that oxytocin receptors are left lateralized in female auditory cortex, and examined how oxytocin enables maternal behavior by sensitizing the cortex to infant distress sounds. In this study we compare oxytocin receptor expression and function in male and female mice. Receptor expression is higher in adult female left auditory cortex than in right auditory cortex or males. Developmental profiles and mRNA expression were comparable between males and females. Behaviorally, male and female mice began expressing parental behavior similarly after cohousing with experienced females; however, oxytocin enhanced parental behavior onset in females but not males. This suggests that left lateralization of oxytocin receptor expression in females provides a mechanism for accelerating maternal behavior onset, although male mice can also effectively co-parent after experience with infants. The sex-specific pattern of oxytocin receptor expression might genetically predispose female cortex to respond to infant cues, which both males and females can also rapidly learn.

CHEMISTRY IN THE COLLEGE DATING PROCESS: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter O. Peretti ◽  
Richard R. Abplanalp
Keyword(s):  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
College Level ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
College Dating ◽  
And Function ◽  
Process Structure

Males and females dating at the college level often state that there has to be chemistry between them and a dating partner. The present study was conducted to try to determine: (1) the structure of specific variables male and female daters apply to their concept of chemistry, and (2) how these variables apply to the dating process. The results indicated that physical attractiveness, similarity, spontaneous communication, reciprocity, warm personality, and longing tended to be the most important variables.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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