scholarly journals Genetic Relationship Among the Kazakh People Based on Y-STR Markers Reveals Evidence of Genetic Variation Among Tribes and Zhuz

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmira Khussainova ◽  
Ilya Kisselev ◽  
Olzhas Iksan ◽  
Bakhytzhan Bekmanov ◽  
Liliya Skvortsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Socioeconomic Structure ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
Ancient Silk Road

Ethnogenesis of Kazakhs took place in Central Asia, a region of high genetic and cultural diversity. Even though archaeological and historical studies have shed some light on the formation of modern Kazakhs, the process of establishment of hierarchical socioeconomic structure in the Steppe remains contentious. In this study, we analyzed haplotype variation at 15 Y-chromosomal short-tandem-repeats obtained from 1171 individuals from 24 tribes representing the three socio-territorial subdivisions (Senior, Middle and Junior zhuz) in Kazakhstan to comprehensively characterize the patrilineal genetic architecture of the Kazakh Steppe. In total, 577 distinct haplotypes were identified belonging to one of 20 haplogroups; 16 predominant haplogroups were confirmed by SNP-genotyping. The haplogroup distribution was skewed towards C2-M217, present in all tribes at a global frequency of 51.9%. Despite signatures of spatial differences in haplotype frequencies, a Mantel test failed to detect a statistically significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance between individuals. An analysis of molecular variance found that ∼8.9% of the genetic variance among individuals was attributable to differences among zhuzes and ∼20% to differences among tribes within zhuzes. The STRUCTURE analysis of the 1164 individuals indicated the presence of 20 ancestral groups and a complex three-subclade organization of the C2-M217 haplogroup in Kazakhs, a result supported by the multidimensional scaling analysis. Additionally, while the majority of the haplotypes and tribes overlapped, a distinct cluster of the O2 haplogroup, mostly of the Naiman tribe, was observed. Thus, firstly, our analysis indicated that the majority of Kazakh tribes share deep heterogeneous patrilineal ancestries, while a smaller fraction of them are descendants of a founder paternal ancestor. Secondly, we observed a high frequency of the C2-M217 haplogroups along the southern border of Kazakhstan, broadly corresponding to both the path of the Mongolian invasion and the ancient Silk Road. Interestingly, we detected three subclades of the C2-M217 haplogroup that broadly exhibits zhuz-specific clustering. Further study of Kazakh haplotypes variation within a Central Asian context is required to untwist this complex process of ethnogenesis.

scholarly journals Geographic sharing of ribotype patterns in Enterococcus faecalis for bacterial source tracking

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter G. Hartel ◽  
Robin L. Kuntz ◽  
Karen Rodgers ◽  
Samuel P. Myoda ◽  
Kerry J. Ritter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Bacterial Source Tracking

The limited host range of Enterococcus faecalis may reduce its clonal diversity and thereby increase its geographic sharing of ribotype patterns. Such sharing would be advantageous for bacterial source tracking (BST). We determined the geographic sharing of ribotype patterns in 752 Ent. faecalis isolates obtained primarily from wastewater treatment plants in Delaware (15 locations; 490 isolates), Georgia (2 locations; 48 isolates), Idaho (1 location; 118 isolates), New York (2 locations; 48 isolates), and Puerto Rico (2 locations; 48 isolates). Isolates were ribotyped with a RiboPrinter. When pooled across all locations and analyzed at a similarity index of 100% and a tolerance level of 1.00%, the 752 Ent. faecalis isolates yielded 652 different ribotypes, of which 429 (66%) were unshared. Even when the matching criterion was relaxed by decreasing the tolerance level from 1% to 10% or lowering the similarity cutoff from 100% to 90%, half or almost half of the ribotypes were unshared. A Mantel test of zero correlation showed no statistically significant correlation between ribotype patterns and geographic distance among the 32 samples (one location at one time) at either the 1.00% (P = 0.91) or 10.00% (P = 0.83) tolerance levels. Therefore, the percentage of ribotype patterns shared between two locations did not increase as the distance between locations decreased. In the case of BST, a permanent host origin database sufficiently large to encompass these ribotype patterns would be time-consuming and expensive to construct.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Migration Patterns in Central Asian Populations, Revealed by Analysis of Y-Chromosome Short Tandem Repeats and mtDNA

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Pérez-Lezaun ◽  
Francesc Calafell ◽  
David Comas ◽  
Eva Mateu ◽  
Elena Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Short Tandem Repeats ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Short Tandem

scholarly journals Genetic structure and dispersal patterns of the invasive psocid Liposcelis decolor (Pearman) in Australian grain storage systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Mikac ◽  
N.N. FitzSimmons
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Population Comparisons ◽  
Low Levels

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure among invasive L. decolor populations from Australia and a single international population from Kansas, USA to determine patterns of dispersal. Six variable microsatellites displayed an average of 2.5–4.2 alleles per locus per population. Observed (HO) heterozygosity ranged from 0.12–0.65 per locus within populations; but, in 13 of 36 tests, HO was less than expected. Despite low levels of allelic diversity, genetic structure estimated as θ was significant for all pairwise comparisons between populations (θ=0.05–0.23). Due to suspected null alleles at four loci, ENA (excluding null alleles) corrected FST estimates were calculated overall and for pairwise population comparisons. The ENA-corrected FST values (0.02–0.10) revealed significant overall genetic structure, but none of the pairwise values were significantly different from zero. A Mantel test of isolation by distance indicated no relationship between genetic structure and geographic distance among all populations (r2=0.12, P=0.18) and for Australian populations only (r2=0.19, P=0.44), suggesting that IBD does not describe the pattern of gene flow among populations. This study supports a hypothesis of long distance dispersal by L. decolor at moderate to potentially high levels.

Confucian Influence: The Place of Soft Power in China’s Strategy Towards Central Asia

China Report ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-344
Author(s):  
Shabnam Dadparvar ◽  
Hamidreza Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
International System ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Status ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Ancient Silk Road

China has traditionally had close relations with Central Asia for quite a long time. The main reasons for this are probably their social, cultural, and demographic bonds, as well as geographical proximity, providing China with a different status in Central Asia from those of the other regions in the world. These bonds have also been strengthened by the ancient Silk Road, beginning in China and passing through Central Asia and Iran towards Europe. Cultural relations, in general, and China’s attempt to expand its means of soft power in the region, in particular, have been a significant aspect of the ties between China and the Central Asian countries. It has drawn attention, especially over the recent decade, and has manifested in various forms. By focussing on the dimension of relations between China and the Central Asian countries, this article addresses the question of what does China try to achieve by expanding its soft power in Central Asia? The article argues that China has focussed on the expansion of its soft power and the consolidation of cultural ties with the Central Asian countries to expand its influence in the region and, eventually, to rise as a new centre of power in the international system. Following a conceptual discussion on the definition of soft power, the article analyses the status of soft power in China’s foreign policy and then, the representations of China’s soft power in Central Asia. Finally, the essay discusses the effects of the soft power factor on the expansion of Chinese influence in the region.

Stochastic processes dominate marine free-living Vibrio community assembly in a subtropical gulf

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Li ◽  
Ke Dong ◽  
Gonglingxia Jiang ◽  
Jinli Tang ◽  
Qiangsheng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Processes ◽  
Trophic State ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Variation Partitioning ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Beibu Gulf ◽  
Assembly Features ◽  
Marine Environmental

ABSTRACT Understanding the effects of eutrophication on heterotrophic bacteria, a primary responder to eutrophication, is critical for predicting the responses of ecosystems to marine environmental pollution. Vibrio are indigenous in coastal water and of significance to geochemical cycling and public health. In this study, we investigated the diversity and assembly features of Vibrio, as well as their relationship with the environmental factors in the subtropical Beibu Gulf. We found that the alpha diversity of Vibrio increased in parallel with the trophic state they occupy. A Mantel test indicated that the trophic state was correlated to Vibrio beta diversity and the correlation gradually strengthened at higher trophic states. Variation partitioning analysis suggested that the geographic distance was an important factor impacting the variables of Vibrio communities in all the samples, but nutrients exerted more influence in the more highly eutrophic samples. Our results demonstrated that stochastic processes govern the turnover of marine Vibrio communities in the Beibu Gulf and that ecological drift was the most important process for assembly of the Vibrio communities.

scholarly journals Low Divergence Among Natural Populations of Cornus kousa subsp. chinensis Revealed by ISSR Markers

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Qiu Yuan ◽  
Qin Fang ◽  
Guo-Hua Liu ◽  
Xiang-Xiang Fu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Cornus Kousa

Research Highlights: Taking Chinese dogwood (Cornus kousa subsp. chinensis) as an example, the genetic characteristics of natural populations collected from main a distribution area were evaluated using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers to reveal the genetic basis for further selection and breeding. Background and Objectives: Chinese dogwood is a small understory tree that is widely distributed in China. Chinese dogwood has attracted interest for its potential horticultural and ornamental values, and its natural resource potential urgently needs to be estimated. Materials and Methods: In this study, the genetic diversity of 12 natural populations collected from six provinces containing 223 individuals was evaluated based on ISSR markers. Results: Relatively high levels of genetic diversity were found at both the population and individual levels. The Shannon’s diversity index (I) among individuals (0.504) was higher than that among populations (0.338). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that genetic variation mainly existed within populations (61.55%) rather than among populations (38.45%). According to the STRUCTURE analysis, 12 populations were assigned to two groups, i.e., the northern and southern ecological regions, which are separated by the Yangtze River. A Mantel test analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. Conclusions: Considering the breeding system of dogwoods, we speculated that the genetic characteristics of the natural populations of this species would be affected by the dispersal mode of its pollens and seeds; additionally, genetic drift could play an important role in its genetic differentiation. In conclusion, in situ conservation is recommended for Chinese dogwood based on our results.

Buddhist philosophy, Korean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungtaek Cho
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Indian Buddhism ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Korean Buddhism ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
Viable System ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
Lasting Influence

Buddhism was transmitted to the Korean peninsula from China in the middle of the fourth century ad. Korea at this time was divided into three kingdoms: Kokuryô, Paekche and Silla. Both Kokuryô and Paekche accepted Buddhism as a state religion immediately after it was introduced, to Kokuryô in 372 ad and to Paekche in 384 ad. However, it was not until two centuries later that Silla accepted Buddhism as a state religion. This was because Silla was the last of the three kingdoms to become established as a centralized power under the authority of one king. It is not coincidental that Buddhism was accepted by these three states at the very same time that a strong kingship, independent of the aristocracy, was created. These newly established kingships needed a new ideology with which to rule, separate from the age-old shamanistic tradition which had been honored among the previous loose confederations of tribes. Buddhism fulfilled this need. It became a highly valued tool which kings used shrewdly, not only to provide their societies with a political ideology but to give them a foundation from which to build a viable system of ethics and philosophical thinking. Given this historical legacy, Korean Buddhism came to possess a feature which set it apart from the other East Asian traditions: it became ‘state-protection’ Buddhism. Although this was not a particularly sophisticated phenomenon on a philosophical level, this feature had a lasting influence on all aspects of Buddhist thought in Korea. In general, Korean Buddhism has followed a course of development more or less parallel to that of the greater East Asian context, although with notably closer ties to China than to Japan. There is no historical evidence which indicates any direct intellectual transmission from India, Buddhism’s birthplace; rather, most of the philosophical development of Buddhism in Korea occurred as Korean monks travelled to China to study and obtain Buddhist texts which had either been written in or translated into Chinese. Despite such close ties to China, however, Korean Buddhism has developed its own identity, distinct from that of its progenitor. Compared to Indian and Central Asian Buddhism, which developed along clear historical lines, the development of Buddhism in China was largely dependent on the personalities of individual monks, and was thus affected by such factors as their region of origination and the particular texts which they emphasized. Thus, in the process of assimilating Indian Buddhism, the Chinese created and developed a number of widely varying schools of Buddhist thought. In Korea, however, such a diverse number of philosophical traditions was never established. Rather, one of the distinct features of Korean Buddhism has been its preference for incorporating many different perspectives into a single, cohesive body of thought.

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