scholarly journals Type III Interferons: Emerging Roles in Autoimmunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindhu Manivasagam ◽  
Robyn S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
T Cell Differentiation ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Th1 Cells ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Cellular Specificity ◽  
Epithelial Barriers ◽  
Antimicrobial Immunity

Type III interferons (IFNs) or the lambda IFNs (IFNLs or IFN-λs) are antimicrobial cytokines that play key roles in immune host defense at endothelial and epithelial barriers. IFNLs signal via their heterodimeric receptor, comprised of two subunits, IFNLR1 and interleukin (IL)10Rβ, which defines the cellular specificity of the responses to the cytokines. Recent studies show that IFNL signaling regulates CD4+ T cell differentiation, favoring Th1 cells, which has led to the identification of IFNL as a putative therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize the IFNL signaling pathways during antimicrobial immunity, IFNL-mediated immunomodulation of both innate and adaptive immune cells, and induction of autoimmunity.

Platelets: Angels and demons dancing on the immune stage. Nutrition conducts the orchestra

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Manrico Magrone ◽  
Matteo Antonio Russo ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Background: Platelets are cellular fragments derived from bone-marrow megacaryocytes and they are mostly involved in haemostasis and coagulation. However, according to recent data, platelets are able to perform novel immune functions. In fact, they possess a receptorial armamentarium on their membrane for interacting with innate and adaptive immune cells. In addition, platelets also secrete granules which contain cytokines and chemokines for activating and recruiting even distant immune cells. Objectives: The participation of platelets in inflammatory processes will be discussed also in view of their dual role in terms of triggering or resolving inflammation. Involvement of platelets in disease will be illustrated, pointing to their versatile function to either up- or down-regulate pathological mechanisms. Finally, despite the availability of some anti-platelet agents, such as aspirin, dietary manipulation of platelet function is currently investigated. In this regard, special emphasis will be placed on dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and polyphenol effects on platelets. Conclusion: Platelets play a dual role in inflammatory-immune-mediated diseases either activating or deactivating immune cells. Diet based on substances, such as omega-3 PUFAs and polyphenols, may act as a modulator of platelet function, even if more clinical trials are needed to corroborate such a contention.

scholarly journals Tuning cancer fate: the unremitting role of host immunity

Open Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 170006 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Calì ◽  
B. Molon ◽  
A. Viola
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols

Host immunity plays a central and complex role in dictating tumour progression. Solid tumours are commonly infiltrated by a large number of immune cells that dynamically interact with the surrounding microenvironment. At first, innate and adaptive immune cells successfully cooperate to eradicate microcolonies of transformed cells. Concomitantly, surviving tumour clones start to proliferate and harness immune responses by specifically hijacking anti-tumour effector mechanisms and fostering the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets at the tumour site. This pliable interplay between immune and malignant cells is a relentless process that has been concisely organized in three different phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In this review, we aim to depict the distinct immune cell subsets and immune-mediated responses characterizing the tumour landscape throughout the three interconnected phases. Importantly, the identification of key immune players and molecules involved in the dynamic crosstalk between tumour and immune system has been crucial for the introduction of reliable prognostic factors and effective therapeutic protocols against cancers.

IN VIVO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN ON INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS INVOLVED IN ALLOGRAFT REJECTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
A. S. Tjon ◽  
T. Tha-In ◽  
H. J. Metselaar ◽  
L. V.D. Laan ◽  
Z. M. Groothuismink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Immunoglobulin ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Allograft Rejection ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

scholarly journals The Hygiene Hypothesis and New Perspectives—Current Challenges Meeting an Old Postulate

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Garn ◽  
Daniel Piotr Potaczek ◽  
Petra Ina Pfefferle
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Asthma Phenotypes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

During its 30 years history, the Hygiene Hypothesis has shown itself to be adaptable whenever it has been challenged by new scientific developments and this is a still a continuously ongoing process. In this regard, the mini review aims to discuss some selected new developments in relation to their impact on further fine-tuning and expansion of the Hygiene Hypothesis. This will include the role of recently discovered classes of innate and adaptive immune cells that challenges the old Th1/Th2 paradigm, the applicability of the Hygiene Hypothesis to newly identified allergy/asthma phenotypes with diverse underlying pathomechanistic endotypes, and the increasing knowledge derived from epigenetic studies that leads to better understanding of mechanisms involved in the translation of environmental impacts on biological systems. Further, we discuss in brief the expansion of the Hygiene Hypothesis to other disease areas like psychiatric disorders and cancer and conclude that the continuously developing Hygiene Hypothesis may provide a more generalized explanation for health burden in highly industrialized countries also relation to global changes.

scholarly journals The impact of body mass index on adaptive immune cells in the human bone marrow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pangrazzi ◽  
Erin Naismith ◽  
Carina Miggitsch ◽  
Jose’ Antonio Carmona Arana ◽  
Michael Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Abstract Background. Obesity has been associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Both conditions play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, such as immunosenescence. Adipose tissue can modulate the function of the immune system with the secretion of molecules influencing the phenotype of immune cells. The importance of the bone marrow (BM) in the maintenance of antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells has been documented in mice. Recently, some groups have investigated the survival of effector/memory T cells in the human BM. Despite this, whether high body mass index (BMI) may affect immune cells in the BM and the production of molecules supporting the maintenance of these cells it is unknown.Methods. Using flow cytometry, the frequency and the phenotype of immune cell populations were measured in paired BM and PB samples obtained from persons with different BMI. Furthermore, the expression of BM cytokines was assessed. The influence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) on T cell subsets was additionally considered, dividing the donors into the CMV- and CMV+ groups.Results. Our study suggests that increased BMI may affect both the maintenance and the phenotype of adaptive immune cells in the BM. While the BM levels of IL-15 and IL-6, supporting the survival of highly differentiated T cells, and oxygen radicals increased in overweight persons, the production of IFNγ and TNF by CD8+ T cells was reduced. In addition, the frequency of B cells and CD4+ T cells positively correlated with BMI in the BM of CMV- persons. Finally, the frequency of several T cell subsets, and the expression of senescence/exhaustion markers within these subpopulations, were affected by BMI. In particular, the levels of bona fide memory T cells may be reduced in overweight persons.Conclusion. Our work suggests that, in addition to aging and CMV, obesity may represent an additional risk factor for immunosenescence in adaptive immune cells. Metabolic interventions may help in improving the fitness of the immune system in the elderly.

scholarly journals Crosstalk between Keratinocytes and Adaptive Immune Cells in an IκBα Protein-Mediated Inflammatory Disease of the Skin

Immunity ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Rebholz ◽  
Ingo Haase ◽  
Birgit Eckelt ◽  
Stephan Paxian ◽  
Michael J. Flaig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Physical plasma and leukocytes – immune or reactive?

2018 ◽  
Vol 400 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander Bekeschus ◽  
Christian Seebauer ◽  
Kristian Wende ◽  
Anke Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Physical Plasma

AbstractLeukocytes are professionals in recognizing and removing pathogenic or unwanted material. They are present in virtually all tissues, and highly motile to enter or leave specific sites throughout the body. Less than a decade ago, physical plasmas entered the field of medicine to deliver their delicate mix of reactive species and other physical agents for mainly dermatological or oncological therapy. Plasma treatment thus affects leukocytes via direct or indirect means: immune cells are either present in tissues during treatment, or infiltrate or exfiltrate plasma-treated areas. The immune system is crucial for human health and resolution of many types of diseases. It is therefore vital to study the response of leukocytes after plasma treatmentin vitroandin vivo. This review gathers together the major themes in the plasma treatment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and puts these into the context of wound healing and oncology, the two major topics in plasma medicine.

Abstract TP454: Immunological Responses in Patients With Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Pilot Study

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A Roa ◽  
Deepon Sarkar ◽  
Mario Zanaty ◽  
David Hasan ◽  
Edgar Samaniego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Intracellular Cytokine Staining ◽  
Delayed Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

Introduction: Cerebral vasospasm (CVS) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) are frequently observed after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and contribute to neurocognitive decline and worse outcomes. We hypothesize that aSAH initiates a cascade of neuroinflammatory events which contributes to the development of DCI. Methods: Patients who presented with aSAH requiring external ventricular drainage (EVD) for concomitant hydrocephalus were prospectively enrolled. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected at different time-points relative to index aSAH injury: acute (days 0-1); pre-vasospasm (days 2-5); vasospasm peak (days 6-9) and post-vasospasm (days 10+). Presence and severity of CVS were assessed using CTA/CTP scans and clinical exam. VEGF and MMP9 (immune affectors) protein levels in the CSF were quantified using ELISA. Mobilization of the immune system was characterized by quantification of innate and adaptive immune cells in the CSF using flow cytometry. Production of inflammatory effector proteins was evaluated using intracellular cytokine staining. Results: Of 13 patients analyzed, 6 (46.2%) experienced CVS. Levels of VEGF and MMP9 were consistently higher in aSAH patients who developed CVS, with the highest difference occurring at the acute phase. Similarly, cellularity analysis revealed elevated counts of monocytes (CD11b + ) in the CSF during the acute phase, with progressive decline at later phases. Microglia (CD45 dim CD11b + ) cells were found to be significantly increased at the post-vasospasm phase. A higher percentage of IFN-γ production cytotoxic T helper cells were found at the acute phase, while the later time points revealed an elevated leveled of CD45RA - CD27 + cytotoxic T cells. Conclusion: Our preliminary data shows an active production of proteins with known immunological functions, mobilization of innate cells, production of inflammatory mediators by adaptive immune cells and altered differentiation status. Our overall goal is to determine if there are potential targets of immunomodulatory therapies which can be used to prevent or treat vasospasms and its related deleterious outcomes.

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