scholarly journals Fish Specialize Their Metabolic Performance to Maximize Bioenergetic Efficiency in Their Local Environment: Conspecific Comparison Between Two Stocks of Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenying Guo ◽  
Shin-ichi Ito ◽  
Michio Yoneda ◽  
Hajime Kitano ◽  
Hitoshi Kaneko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Scomber Japonicus ◽  
Chub Mackerel ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Metabolic Performance ◽  
Species Specific

Species-specific ecological traits in fishes are likely to vary between populations or stocks due to differences in regional oceanic conditions, such as latitudinal temperature. We examined potential intraspecific differences in the swimming performance and metabolism of Pacific chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) from the Northwest and Northeast Pacific stocks, which are distributed on opposite sides of the North Pacific at similar latitudes, but where the temperature contrast is large. Swimming bioenergetics and metabolic data of Northwest stock mackerel were measured at 14, 18, and 24°C using variable-speed swim-tunnel respirometers, and then the resulting bioenergetic parameters were compared with previous findings from the Northeast stock. At a given size, the maximum sustainable swimming speed (Umax) of the Northwest stock showed no significant difference compared to the Northeast stock at 18 and 24°C, but was lower at 14°C. In addition, the oxygen consumption rate (MO2) of the Northwest stock showed lower mass dependence and different temperature dependence at a given swimming speed than in the Northeast stock. Combined with stock-specific data on growth and experienced temperatures in the wild, these bioenergetic differences indicate that the swimming performance and metabolism of the two stocks are specific to their local environment to maximize bioenergetic efficiency.

scholarly journals Feeding strategy of mackerel in the Norwegian Sea relative to currents, temperature, and prey

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Nøttestad ◽  
Justine Diaz ◽  
Hector Penã ◽  
Henrik Søiland ◽  
Geir Huse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Swimming Direction ◽  
Atlantic Mackerel ◽  
The North ◽  
Foraging Rate ◽  
Feeding Resources

Abstract High abundance of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.), combined with limited food resources, may now force mackerel to enter new and productive regions in the northern Norwegian Sea. However, it is not known how mackerel exploit the spatially varying feeding resources, and their vertical distribution and swimming behaviour are also largely unknown. During an ecosystem survey in the Norwegian Sea during the summer feeding season, swimming direction, and speed of mackerel schools were recorded with high-frequency omnidirectional sonar in four different regions relative to currents, ambient temperature, and zooplankton. A total of 251 schools were tracked, and fish and zooplankton were sampled with pelagic trawl and WP-2 plankton net. Except for the southwest region, swimming direction of the tracked schools coincided with the prevailing northerly Atlantic current direction in the Norwegian Sea. Swimming with the current saves energy, and the current also provides a directional cue towards the most productive areas in the northern Norwegian Sea. Average mean swimming speed in all regions combined was ∼3.8 body lengths s−1. However, fish did not swim in a straight course, but often changed direction, suggesting active feeding in the near field. Fish were largest and swimming speed lowest in the northwest region which had the highest plankton concentrations and lowest temperature. Mackerel swam close to the surface at a depth of 8–39 m, with all schools staying above the thermocline in waters of at least 6°C. In surface waters, mackerel encounter improved foraging rate and swimming performance. Going with the flow until temperature is too low, based on an expectation of increasing foraging rate towards the north while utilizing available prey under way, could be a simple and robust feeding strategy for mackerel in the Norwegian Sea.

Maximum sustainable speeds and cost of swimming in juvenile kawakawa tuna (Euthynnus affinis) and chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (20) ◽  
pp. 3089-3101 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sepulveda ◽  
K.A. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Scomber Japonicus ◽  
Chub Mackerel ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Euthynnus Affinis ◽  
The Relationship

Tunas (Scombridae) have been assumed to be among the fastest and most efficient swimmers because they elevate the temperature of the slow-twitch, aerobic locomotor muscle above the ambient water temperature (endothermy) and because of their streamlined body shape and use of the thunniform locomotor mode. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that juvenile tunas swim both faster and more efficiently than their ectothermic relatives. The maximum sustainable swimming speed (U(max), the maximum speed attained while using a steady, continuous gait powered by the aerobic myotomal muscle) and the net cost of transport (COT(net)) were compared at 24 degrees C in similar-sized (116–255 mm fork length) juvenile scombrids, an endothermic tuna, the kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) and the ectothermic chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus). U(max) and COT(net) were measured by forcing individual fish to swim in a temperature-controlled, variable-speed swimming tunnel respirometer. There were no significant interspecific differences in the relationship between U(max) and body mass or fork length or in the relationship between COT(net) and body mass or fork length. Muscle temperatures were elevated by 1.0-2.3 degrees C and 0.1-0.6 degrees C above water temperature in the kawakawa and chub mackerel, respectively. The juvenile kawakawa had significantly higher standard metabolic rates than the chub mackerel, because the total rate of oxygen consumption at a given swimming speed was higher in the kawakawa when the effects of fish size were accounted for. Thus, juvenile kawakawa are not capable of higher sustainable swimming speeds and are not more efficient swimmers than juvenile chub mackerel.

Effects of Pleistocene glaciation on the phylogeographic and demographic histories of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in the north-western Pacific

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiao Cheng ◽  
Zhiqiang Han ◽  
Na Song ◽  
Tianxiang Gao ◽  
Takashi Yanagimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Expansion ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
Scomber Japonicus ◽  
Chub Mackerel ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western ◽  
North Western Pacific

Pleistocene glacial cycles associated with geological and climatic changes have been suggested to affect the distribution and abundance of marine organisms in the north-western Pacific. In addition to historical processes, several contemporary forces are associated with spatial distributions and genetic structuring of marine species. Herein, we gathered partial mitochondrial control region sequences of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus from 14 localities over most of its geographical range in the north-western Pacific to infer the effect of Pleistocene climatic fluctuations on its historical demography, and to assess the role of historical process and contemporary factors in shaping present-day patterns of genetic differentiation within this species. Phylogeographic patterns revealed two distinct lineages that originated in vicariance during the Middle Pleistocene. However, there was no evidence of phylogeographic partitioning of haplotypes over the sampled range. Population structure analyses indicated a high degree of genetic homogeneity among chub mackerel populations. Demographic analyses indicated both lineages experienced Late Pleistocene population expansion. The observed genetic pattern of chub mackerel is consistent with a scenario of the survival of this species in at least two allopatric glacial refugia during the glacial maxima of the Pleistocene followed by massive dispersals throughout the north-western Pacific and species-specific ecological processes facilitating contemporary gene flow.

scholarly journals Temperature dependency equation for chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) identified by a laboratory rearing experiment and microscale analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nakamura ◽  
Michio Yoneda ◽  
Toyoho Ishimura ◽  
Kotaro Shirai ◽  
Masaki Tamamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scomber Japonicus ◽  
Chub Mackerel ◽  
Temperature Dependency ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Stable Oxygen ◽  
Thermal Histories ◽  
Specific Temperature ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Rearing Experiment

In this study, juveniles of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) were reared from eggs in six different temperature treatments, and their otoliths were subjected to micromilling and microvolume stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis. We determined the δ18O values of otoliths (δ18Ootolith) formed at mean temperatures of 16.3, 17.6, 18.3, 20.0, 24.0 and 26.5°C and identified a linear relationship between rearing water temperature (T, °C) and δ18Ootolith as follows: δ18Ootolith (VPDB) – δ18Owater (VSMOW) =–0.25 (±0.01)T+4.46 (±0.21) (R2=0.96, P<0.01), where VPDB is Vienna Peedee Belemnite, VSMOW is Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water and the error values in parentheses are standard deviations. This species-specific temperature dependency equation for chub mackerel will enable accurate reconstruction of individual thermal histories and provide essential information for effective resource management.

Effects of temperature on sustained swimming performance and swimming kinematics of the chub mackerelScomber japonicus

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (7) ◽  
pp. 969-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Dickson ◽  
Jeanine M. Donley ◽  
Chugey Sepulveda ◽  
Lisa Bhoopat
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Chub Mackerel ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Swimming Kinematics ◽  
Tail Beat

SUMMARYThe effects of a 6°C difference in water temperature on maximum sustained swimming speed, swimming energetics and swimming kinematics were measured in the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus (Teleostei:Scombridae), a primarily coastal, pelagic predator that inhabits subtropical and temperate transition waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. New data for chub mackerel acclimated to 18°C are compared with published data from our laboratory at 24°C. Twelve individuals acclimated to each of two temperatures (15.6-26.3 cm fork length, FL, and 34-179g at 18°C; 14.0-24.7 cm FL and 26-156g at 24°C) swam at a range of speeds in a temperature-controlled Brett-type respirometer, at the respective acclimation temperature. At a given fish size, the maximum speed that S. japonicus was able to maintain for a 30-min period, while swimming steadily using slow, oxidative locomotor muscle (Umax,c),was significantly greater at 24 than at 18°C (52.5-97.5 cm s-1at 18°C and 70-120 cm s-1 at 24°C). At a given speed and fish size, the rate of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) was significantly higher at 24 than at 18°C because of a higher net cost of transport (1073-4617 J km-1 kg-1 at 18°C and 2708-14895 J km-1 kg-1 at 24°C). Standard metabolic rate, calculated by extrapolating the logV̇O2versus swimming speed relationship to zero speed, did not vary significantly with temperature or fish mass (126.4±67.2 mg O2 h-1 kg-1 at 18°C and 143.2±80.3 mg O2 h-1 kg-1 at 24°C; means ±S.D., N=12). Swimming kinematics was quantified from high-speed (120 Hz) video recordings analyzed with a computerized, two-dimensional motion-analysis system. At a given speed and fish size, there were no significant effects of temperature on tail-beat frequency, tail-beat amplitude or stride length, but propulsive wavelength increased significantly with temperature as a result of an increase in propulsive wave velocity. Thus, the main effects of temperature on chub mackerel swimming were increases in both Umax,c and the net cost of swimming at 24°C. Like other fishes, S. japonicus apparently must recruit more slow,oxidative muscle fibers to swim at a given sustainable speed at the lower temperature because of the reduced power output. Thus, the 24°C mackerel reach a higher speed before they must recruit the fast, glycolytic fibers,thereby increasing Umax,c at 24°C. By quantifying in vivo the effects of temperature on the swimming performance of an ectothermic species that is closely related to the endothermic tunas, this study also provides evidence that maintaining the temperature of the slow,oxidative locomotor muscle at 6°C or more above ambient water temperature in tunas should significantly increase sustainable swimming speeds, but also increase the energetic cost of swimming, unless cardiac output limits muscle performance.

Reproduction in four populations of brooding periwinkle (Littorina) at Ravenscar, North Yorkshire: adaptation to the local environment?

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Hull ◽  
John Grahame ◽  
Peter J. Mill
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Littorina Saxatilis ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Small Aperture ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Two Populations

The current study examines the reproductive patterns found within four ovoviviparous, brooding periwinkle populations on one shore in the north-east coast of England; the boulder dwelling populations Littorina saxatilis H (upper-shore form with thin shell and large aperture) and L. saxatilis M (mid-shore form with thick shell and small aperture), and the barnacle-dwelling L. saxatilis B (small form similar in morphology to L. saxatilis M) and L. neglecta. Littorina saxatilis H showed distinct seasonality in reproductive activity, unlike L. saxatilis M, and produced significantly larger eggs and embryos than the latter population. Littorina saxatilis M maintained a significantly higher weight-specific fecundity and reproductive activity throughout the year than L. saxatilis H and produced a larger number of small embryos.The two barnacle-dwelling populations also showed distinct seasonality in reproductive activity and neither of the populations contained reproductively active females during the winter months. There was no significant difference in egg size between the two populations, but L. saxatilis B produced larger crawlaways than did L. neglecta. Even though L. saxatilis B was significantly larger in body and shell size, L. neglecta had a higher weight-specific fecundity than the former population. The possibility that the observed differences in egg and juvenile size, fecundity and seasonality between the four populations can be attributed to microscale adaptation to the local environment is discussed.

scholarly journals Food and feeding of chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 in the north-west African shelf

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bareh Bahgat Habashi ◽  
Andrzej Kompowski ◽  
Jan Wojciechowski
Keyword(s):  
West African ◽  
Scomber Japonicus ◽  
Chub Mackerel ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Food And Feeding

Physiological Response of Scup, Stenotomus chrysops, to a Simulated Trawl Capture and Escape Event

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. DeAlteris ◽  
Kenneth J. La Valley
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Muscle Recruitment ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stenotomus Chrysops

Scup (Stenotomus chrysops) were severely exercised by manual chasing for 6 min, and the clearance of lactate over a 12 hr period was evaluated. Lactate peaked from 0.5 to 1.0 hr following exercise with concentrations ranging from 61.0 to 126.0 mg/dL and returned to rested concentrations within 4 hr post-exercise. Concentrations of lactate in rested fish ranged from 5.2 to approximately 23.0 mg/dL. Fish were observed for 10 days following exercise for delayed mortality. A 100% survival of scup was observed with no significant difference between control and experimental populations.Swimming performance was evaluated for 14.0 to 15.0 cm fork length scup, with a towed stimulus through a still-water circular swimming channel, at prolonged and burst speeds. A maximum sustainable swimming speed of 2.2 BL/sec was observed. Between the speeds of 3.0 and 3.3 BL/sec and 4.4 BL/sec, endurance time significantly decreased with the increase in swimming speed. Blood lactate concentrations were measured at 0.5 and 4.0 hr post exercise, and were used as an indicator of white muscle recruitment. A significant difference was not found between rested and experimental mean lactate concentrations at the maximum sustainable swimming speed of 2.2 BL/sec. White muscle recruitment indicated by increases in lactic acid, was recorded at speeds above the maximum sustained swimming speed, and mean blood lactate concentrations were significantly different within blood sampling times and between swimming speeds.Based on the results of our investigations of lactate recovery in scup following a simulated trawl capture and escape event, we believe that scup interacting with a bottom trawl and subsequently escaping, are physiologically stressed by the event, but recover in less than 6 hr. AU experimentally treated fish survived both exhaustive exercise and prolonged swimming, suggesting encounter mortality is minimal. The results of this study do not address the effects of possible physical damage on escape or the effect of multiple encounters.

RENDIMENTO DE CULTIVARES DE CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L Walp.) SUBMETIDAS À DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO

Irriga ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianini Peixoto Bezerra Lima ◽  
José Vanglesio de Aguiar ◽  
Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa ◽  
Vital Pedro da Silva Paz
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Marginal Product ◽  
Applied Water ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Caixa Postal ◽  
Water Depths

RENDIMENTO DE CULTIVARES DE CAUPI (Vigna unguiculata L Walp.) SUBMETIDAS À DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO1       Gianini Peixoto Bezerra Lima José Vanglesio de Aguiar Raimundo Nonato Távora Costa Universidade Federal do Ceará – Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola. Campus do Pici. Bloco 804. CEP 60455-760 – Fortaleza-CE Vital Pedro da Silva Paz Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz – Departamento de Engenharia Rural, bolsista da FAPESP. Av. Pádua Dias, 11 – Caixa Postal 11. 13418-900 – Piracicaba-SP       1 RESUMO       O caupi é um dos cultivos mais tradicionais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, constituindo alimento básico nestas regiões. Com este trabalho foi possível estabelecer relações entre a quantidade de água aplicada e produtividade de grãos, para três variedades de feijão caupi submetidas a diferentes lâminas de água. Para caracterização das lâminas de água foi utilizado um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional em linha. O controle da irrigação foi realizado a partir de tensiômetros instalados à 15 cm de profundidade. Os resultados mostraram que: i) a cultivar João Paulo II apresentou melhores resultados de produtividade para as lâminas de água aplicadas que variaram de T1 = 291,8 mm a T5 = 141,2 mm; ii) sob condições de reduzida disponibilidade de água, ou seja, menor lâmina aplicada, não ocorreu diferença estatística  para a produtividade entre as cultivares estudadas; e iii) para as condições do estudo, a cultivar Setentão apresentou a menor taxa de redução do produto marginal.       UNITERMOS: caupi, irrigação, função de produção       LIMA, G. P. B., AGUIAR, J. V., COSTA, R. N. T., PAZ, V. P. S. Responses OF cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) at differents irrigation deficits     2 ABSTRACT       The caupi is one of the most traditional cultivation of the north and northeast - Brazil, constituting a basic food in these areas. With this work it was possible to establish relationships between the amount of water applied and productivity of grains, for three caupi varieties submitted to different irrigation sheets. To diferentiate water depths in the irrigation system, the aspersion in line was used. The control of the irrigation was accomplished using tensiometers installed to 15 cm of depth. The results showed that: i) the João Paulo II variety presented better productivity for the applied water depths; ii) under reduced conditions of water avai lability for study conditions, these was no significant difference in the productivity reached among the cultivars studied; and iii) for the conditions of the study, the variety Setentão presented the smallest rate of reduction of the marginal product.       KEYWORDS: cowpea, irrigation, production function  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document