scholarly journals Linking Scales of Life-History Variation With Population Structure in Atlantic Cod

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Wright ◽  
Alice Doyle ◽  
John B. Taggart ◽  
Andrew Davie
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Population Structuring ◽  
Northern North Sea ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Electronic Tagging ◽  
Stock Recovery

It is increasingly recognised that sustainable exploitation of marine fish requires the consideration of population diversity and associated productivity. This study used a combination of genotypic screening and phenotypic traits to define the scale of population structuring in Atlantic cod inhabiting the northern North Sea (ICES Sub-division 4a) and Scottish west coast (ICES Division 6a). The genetic analysis indicated an isolation by distance pattern with an even finer scale structuring than previously reported, that persisted over a decade and between feeding and spawning seasons. Spatial variation in phenotypic traits reflected genetic variation with cod maturing later and at a larger size near the Viking Bank in 4a. The identified population structuring provides an explanation for differences in historic changes in maturation schedules and the temperature exposure recorded in previous electronic tagging studies. The study also highlights how the mismatch between stock divisions and population units is leading to a misunderstanding about stock recovery.

scholarly journals Linking scales of life-history variation with population structure in Atlantic cod

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Wright ◽  
A. Doyle ◽  
J.B. Taggart ◽  
A Davie
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Population Structuring ◽  
Northern North Sea ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Electronic Tagging ◽  
Stock Recovery

AbstractIt is increasing recognised that sustainable exploitation of marine fish requires the consideration of population diversity and associated productivity. This study used a combination of genotypic screening and phenotypic traits to define the scale of population structuring in Atlantic cod inhabiting the northern North Sea (ICES 4a) and Scottish west coast (6a). The genetic analysis indicated an isolation by distance pattern with an even finer scale structuring than previously reported, that persisted over a decade and between feeding and spawning seasons. Spatial variation in phenotypic traits reflected genetic variation with cod maturing later and at a larger size near the Viking Bank in 4a. The identified population structuring provides an explanation for differences in historic changes in maturation schedules and the temperature exposure recorded in previous electronic tagging studies. The study also highlights how the mismatch between stock divisions and population units is leading to a misunderstanding about stock recovery.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Diversity of Almond-Leaved Pear (Pyrus spinosa Forssk.) along Eastern Adriatic Coast

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Antonio Vidaković ◽  
Zlatko Liber ◽  
Zlatko Šatović ◽  
Marilena Idžojtić ◽  
Ida Volenec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Analyses ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Isolation By Environment

Almond-leaved pear (Pyrus spinosa Forssk., Rosaceae) is a scientifically poorly researched and often overlooked Mediterranean species. It is an insect-pollinated and animal-dispersed spiny, deciduous shrub or a small tree, with high-quality wood and edible fruits. The aim of the study was to assess the phenotypic diversity of almond-leaved pear in the eastern Adriatic region. The examination of phenotypic diversity was based on a morphometric analysis of 17 populations using ten phenotypic traits of leaves. Varieties of multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the within- and among-population diversity. In addition, the Mantel tests were used to test the correlations between geographic, environmental, and phenotypic differences among populations. High phenotypic variability was determined both among and within the studied populations. Leaf-size-related traits proved to be the most variable ones, in contrast to more uniform leaf shape traits. Furthermore, three groups of populations were detected using multivariate statistical analyses. The first group included trees from northern- and southernmost populations characterized by high annual precipitation. However, the trees from the second and third group were highly overlapped without a clear geographical pattern. In addition, we revealed that both environmental and geographical interactions proved to be responsible for the patterns of phenotypic variation between almond-leaved pear populations, indicating significant isolation by environment (IBE) and isolation by distance (IBD) patterns. Overall, our results provide useful information about phenotypic diversity of almond-leaved pear populations for further conservation, breeding, and afforestation programs.

Heritability, polymorphism, and population dynamics: individual-based eco-evolutionary simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 329-340
Author(s):  
Anna Kuparinen
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Evolutionary Simulations ◽  
Main Message

Contemporary evolution that occurs across ecologically relevant time scales, such as a few generations or decades, can not only change phenotypes but also feed back to demographic parameters and the dynamics of populations. This chapter presents a method to make phenotypic traits evolve in mechanistic individual-based simulations. The method is broadly applicable, as demonstrated through its applications to boreal forest adaptation to global warming, eco-evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing-induced selection in Atlantic cod, and the evolution of age at maturity in Atlantic salmon. The main message of this chapter is that there may be little reason to exclude phenotypic evolution in analyses of population dynamics, as these can be modified by evolutionary changes in life histories. Future challenges will be to integrate rapidly accumulating genomic knowledge and an ecosystem perspective to improve population projections and to better understand the drivers of population dynamics.

Life-history variation among local populations of Atlantic cod from the Norwegian Skagerrak coast

2004 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1725-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Olsen ◽  
H. Knutsen ◽  
J. Gjøsaeter ◽  
P. E. Jorde ◽  
J. A. Knutsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Local Populations

scholarly journals Evidence for population structuring of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the Northeast Atlantic

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Was ◽  
Elizabeth Gosling ◽  
Karen McCrann ◽  
Jarle Mork
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Ne Atlantic ◽  
High Fecundity ◽  
Northeast Atlantic ◽  
Blue Whiting ◽  
Fish Spawning ◽  
Ne Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Population Structuring

Abstract Was, A., Gosling, E., McCrann, K., and Mork, J. 2008. Evidence for population structuring of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the Northeast Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 216–225. Many marine fish species are characterized by large population sizes, strong migratory behaviour, high fecundity, and pelagic eggs and larvae that are subject to passive transport by ocean currents, all factors that tend to reduce the rate of development of genetic partitioning among localized populations. The blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) is a commercially important gadoid that exhibits all these characteristics, although to date there has been little evidence of genetic heterogeneity except at the latitudinal extremes of its range in the NE Atlantic. Genetic variation was analysed at five microsatellite loci in 16 samples, 14 comprising spawning adults, collected along the continental shelf from 44°N to 60°N, a distance of ∼1900 km. Although pairwise FST values were low (0.0–0.040; mean 0.0097), more than 40% of the estimates were significant, with Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay samples significantly differentiated from samples from the Porcupine Bank, Hebridean Shelf, Sulisker Bank, and Papa Bank. There was also significant differentiation between samples taken in different years on Rockall Bank. Mantel tests revealed no significant isolation by distance. We used a landscape genetics approach, which combines spatial and genetic information, to detect barriers to gene flow. Four zones of lowered gene flow were identified, generally in concordance with hydrographic patterns, fish spawning behaviour, and the simulated transport of larvae in the NE Atlantic Ocean.

scholarly journals Genetic population structure constrains local adaptation in sticklebacks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petri Kemppainen ◽  
Zitong Li ◽  
Pasi Rastas ◽  
Ari Löytynoja ◽  
Bohao Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Population Structuring ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
Genomic Regions

AbstractRepeated and independent adaptation to specific environmental conditions from standing genetic variation is common. However, if genetic variation is limited, the evolution of similar locally adapted traits may be restricted to genetically different and potentially less optimal solutions, or prevented from happening altogether. Using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping approach, we identified the genomic regions responsible for the repeated pelvic reduction (PR) in three crosses between nine-spined stickleback populations expressing full and reduced pelvic structures. In one cross, PR mapped to linkage group 7 (LG7) containing the gene Pitx1, known to control pelvic reduction also in the three-spined stickleback. In the two other crosses, PR was polygenic and attributed to ten novel QTL, of which 90% were unique to specific crosses. When screening the genomes from 27 different populations for deletions in the Pitx1 regulatory element, these were only found in the population in which PR mapped to LG7, even though the morphological data indicated large effect QTL for PR in several other populations as well. Consistent with the available theory and simulations parameterised on empirical data, we hypothesise that the observed variability in genetic architecture of PR is due to heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of standing genetic variation caused by strong population structuring and genetic isolation by distance in the sea.

scholarly journals High Level of Phenotypic Differentiation of Common Yew (Taxus baccata L.) Populations in the North-Western Part of the Balkan Peninsula

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Katarina Tumpa ◽  
Zlatko Liber ◽  
Zlatko Šatović ◽  
Jasnica Medak ◽  
Marilena Idžojtić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western

Common or English yew (Taxus baccata L., Taxaceae) is a conifer species, native to Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor and Caucasus. It is a dioecious, wind-pollinated and animal-dispersed tree, known for its high-quality wood and medicinal properties, albeit poisonous. The species is rare and has been legally protected at the European and national levels. In addition, its low population density and disjunct character of distribution have reinforced the need for its protection as regeneration is mostly lacking. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterise the north-western Balkan yew populations. Phenotypic diversity was examined for seven populations, using morphometric analysis of nine phenotypic traits of needles. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the inter- and intrapopulation variability. In addition, to test correlations between geographic, climatic and phenotypic data, Mantel test was used. We identified a geographic structure across studied populations that exhibited high levels of variability on intra- and interpopulation levels. Two groups of populations have been defined and are consistent with previously described genetic divergent lineages from separate refugia. In addition, a significant correlation between phenotypic and geographic data were revealed, i.e., isolation by distance (IBD). However, the Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between morphometric and environmental data. In conclusion, our data reveal that the historical events and persistent IBD acted in combination to produce the morphological patterns observed in common yew populations in the north-western part of the Balkan Peninsula. Finally, we suggested conservation measures to be implemented on a stand level, with habitat preservation as the main goal. In addition, ex situ conservation should be considered, both in the form of collections and urban planting, as both provide additional gene pool reserves.

scholarly journals Causes and consequences of life-history variation in North American stocks of Pacific cod

2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olav A. Ormseth ◽  
Brenda L. Norcross
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North American ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Pacific Cod ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Ormseth, O. A., and Norcross, B. L. 2009. Causes and consequences of life-history variation in North American stocks of Pacific cod. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 349–357. Life-history strategies of four Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) stocks in the eastern North Pacific Ocean are outlined. Southern stocks grew and matured quicker, but reached smaller maximum size and had shorter lifespans than northern stocks. The trade-offs resulted in similar lifetime reproductive success among all stocks. Growth was highly dependent on latitude, but not on temperature, possibly because of differences in the duration of the growing season. Comparisons with Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) revealed similar latitude/growth relationships among Atlantic cod stocks grouped by geographic region. In Pacific cod, greater size and longevity in the north appeared to be adaptations to overcome environmental constraints on growth and to maintain fitness. An egg production-per-recruit model suggested that the life-history strategy of northern Pacific cod stocks made them less resilient to fishing activity and age truncation than southern stocks.

Interpopulation differences in growth rates and food conversion efficiencies of young Grand Banks and Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2223-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig F Purchase ◽  
Joseph A Brown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Grand Banks ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies

Geographically separated Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks in the northwest Atlantic exhibit life history variation and have been shown to differ genetically. The genetic and environmental contributions to phenotypic differences, however, have not yet been measured. We used common environment experiments to evaluate the importance of temperature on the observed growth variation between Grand Banks (GB) and Gulf of Maine (GOM) cod stocks. Larvae from the GB grew faster than GOM larvae at both 7 and 12°C. Growth rates of juveniles were not different, but GB juveniles had higher food conversion efficiencies than those from the GOM (at both ambient and warm temperatures). The results indicate that faster growth of GOM cod in the wild is not due to a higher genetic capacity for growth rate in GOM than in GB fish. The findings give evidence of genetically based phenotypic variation, which is in agreement with molecular studies on population differentiation in cod, and support the theory of countergradient variation in growth rates of larval fish.

Genetic variability in reaction norms in fishes

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah A. Oomen ◽  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
High Dispersal

The ability of populations to adapt to environmental change and the spatial scale at which this adaptation occurs are fundamentally important issues in evolutionary biology, and ones that may benefit greatly from the study of genetic variability in reaction norms, which represent the plasticity of phenotypic traits across an environmental gradient. Therefore variable reaction norms can reflect genetic differences in the ability of individuals, families, populations, and species to respond to natural and anthropogenic environmental change. Fishes are ideal organisms in which to study plasticity because of their remarkable intraspecific morphological, physiological, behavioural, and life history variation. Here, we review studies demonstrating genetic variability in reaction norms in fishes. Genetic variability in plasticity among full- and half-sib families suggests potential for some populations to develop an adaptive norm of reaction (recalling that plasticity need not be adaptive). Reaction norm variability among populations suggests that adaptive genetic divergence can occur rapidly when selection pressures are strong and that the spatial scale of adaptation is much smaller than previously believed for some species with high dispersal capabilities. These studies demonstrate the potential of using reaction norms to study the evolution of novel phenotypes and the influence of temporal environmental variability and gene flow on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity, which can then be used to predict how populations will respond to directional environmental change. To promote future research into genetic variability in reaction norms, we propose questions that would benefit from such an approach and discuss some important considerations for designing experiments to investigate questions related to genetic variation in plasticity and phenotypic evolution.

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