Long-Term Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Coliform Bacteria in Jiaozhou Bay Associated With Human Activities and Environmental Governance

Coliform bacteria (CB) can be used as an indicator of seawater quality. Long-term monitoring of seawater quality based on CB abundance is lacking in Jiaozhou Bay. In this study, CB abundance in surface seawater of 12 different stations in Jiaozhou Bay was investigated by culturing method. The results showed that: (1) the abundance of CB showed a decreasing tendency during the investigation. During 2004–2007, 2008–2013, and 2014–2017, the average CB abundance decreased significantly, forming a “three stages phenomenon”; (2) the average CB abundance in the first half of the year was lower than that in the second half; (3) the CB abundance in Jiaozhou Bay was spatially heterogeneous. The maximum average CB abundance was observed in the estuary area, and followed by the bay mouth area, the outer bay area, and the inner bay area. The highest abundance may be associated with sewage discharge related to human activities; (4) the abundance of CB was most positively correlated with the concentration of ammonium salt and nitrate, while most negatively correlated with salinity; (5) the years 2007 (2008) and 2013 (2014) were time points of the “three stages phenomenon.” These time points coincide with environmental governance actions, indicating that the actions have played a prominent role in improving seawater quality. Long-term survey of CB can not only serve as an indicator of seawater quality, but also provide a basis for the development of environmental governance strategies and pollution control.

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This time is different! Or is it? NeoMalthusians and environmental optimists in the age of climate change

Journal of Peace Research ◽

10.1177/0022343320969785 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002234332096978

Author(s):

Nils Petter Gleditsch

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Political Institutions ◽

Human Activities ◽

Technological Progress ◽

Limits To Growth ◽

Third Phase ◽

Three Stages ◽

Recent Variation ◽

Long Term Trend

Warning about dire effects of climate change on armed conflict is a recent variation of a scenario that has been promoted by environmental pessimists for over two centuries. The essence is that human activities lead to resource scarcities that in turn will generate famine, pestilence, and war. This essay reviews three stages of the argument: first, the original Malthusian thesis that focused on food production. Second, the broader neoMalthusian concern from the 1970s about limits to growth and developing scarcities in a range of necessities. And recently, the specter of climate change. In each phase, the Malthusians have met firm opposition from environmental optimists, who argue that emerging scarcities can be countered by human ingenuity, technological progress, and national and international economic and political institutions and that environmental change is not in itself a major driver of human violence. In the third phase, the Malthusian case appears to be stronger because human activities have reached a level where they have a truly global impact. Environmental optimists still insist that these problems can be overcome by human ingenuity and that the long-term trend towards less violence in human affairs is unlikely to be reversed by climate change. The stakes seem higher, but the structure of the debate remains largely the same.

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The land surface mildly contaminated by Hg

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202126104022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 261 ◽

pp. 04022

Author(s):

Dongfang Yang ◽

Haixia Li ◽

Dong Lin ◽

Longlei Zhang ◽

Qi Wang

Keyword(s):

Human Activities ◽

Surface Runoff ◽

Land Surface ◽

Block Diagram ◽

Jiaozhou Bay ◽

Open Sea ◽

Model Block ◽

Variation Range ◽

Seawater Quality ◽

Sea Currents

The Hg content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay was within 0.010-0.060μg/L in May, September and October 1993, which conforms to the seawater quality standards of Class I and II. It indicates that in the entire waters of Jiaozhou Bay, there were some water areas that did not get contaminated by Hg while some areas got mild contamination by Hg in May, September and October. In May, the variation range of Hg content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.010-0.046μg/L. In September, it ranged within 0.007-0.011μg/L. And in October, the content of Hg detected in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.060μg/L. There were three sources to transport Hg content, open sea currents, Licun river and the surface runoff. The Hg content from the transportation of open sea currents was 0.046μg/L, from the Licun river was 0.011μg/L and from the surface runoff was 0.060μg/L. This paper builds a model block diagram to present the different paths and Hg contents that were input in the Jiaozhou Bay. In May, the open sea currents did not get any contamination of Hg; in August, the Licun river did not get any contamination of Hg as well; while in September, the surface runoff was mildly contaminated by Hg. The author concluded two points about the migration of Hg content: 1) Human activities discharge Hg to the land so that the Hg content could directly run to the ocean through the surface runoff. As the Hg content transported by surface runoff was relatively high, it resulted that the nearshore waters got mild contamination of Hg content. On the other hand, the surface runoff transported Hg to rivers, resulting relatively low content of Hg. Then rivers delivered the Hg content to nearshore waters, leading to a non-contaminated condition of rivers. 2) Human activities input Hg content to the ocean in a long period, resulting the increase of Hg content in the ocean. As the accumulation of Hg content in the ocean, the ocean got close to the mild contamination status.

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Temporal disconnection between pain relief and trigeminal nerve microstructural changes after Gamma Knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2019.4.jns19380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 133 (3) ◽

pp. 727-735

Author(s):

Peter Shih-Ping Hung ◽

Sarasa Tohyama ◽

Jia Y. Zhang ◽

Mojgan Hodaie

Keyword(s):

Pain Relief ◽

Trigeminal Neuralgia ◽

Pain Intensity ◽

Gamma Knife ◽

Trigeminal Nerve ◽

Diffusion Tensor ◽

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery ◽

Time Points ◽

Microstructural Effect

OBJECTIVEGamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a noninvasive surgical treatment option for patients with medically refractive classic trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The long-term microstructural consequences of radiosurgery and their association with pain relief remain unclear. To better understand this topic, the authors used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to characterize the effects of GKRS on trigeminal nerve microstructure over multiple posttreatment time points.METHODSNinety-two sets of 3-T anatomical and diffusion-weighted MR images from 55 patients with TN treated by GKRS were divided within 6-, 12-, and 24-month posttreatment time points into responder and nonresponder subgroups (≥ 75% and < 75% reduction in posttreatment pain intensity, respectively). Within each subgroup, posttreatment pain intensity was then assessed against pretreatment levels and followed by DTI metric analyses, contrasting treated and contralateral control nerves to identify specific biomarkers of successful pain relief.RESULTSGKRS resulted in successful pain relief that was accompanied by asynchronous reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA), which maximized 24 months after treatment. While GKRS responders demonstrated significantly reduced FA within the radiosurgery target 12 and 24 months posttreatment (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), nonresponders had statistically indistinguishable DTI metrics between nerve types at each time point.CONCLUSIONSUltimately, this study serves as the first step toward an improved understanding of the long-term microstructural effect of radiosurgery on TN. Given that FA reductions remained specific to responders and were absent in nonresponders up to 24 months posttreatment, FA changes have the potential of serving as temporally consistent biomarkers of optimal pain relief following radiosurgical treatment for classic TN.

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Impact of weight loss achieved through a multidisciplinary intervention on appetite in patients with severe obesity

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00322.2017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 315 (1) ◽

pp. E91-E98 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. R. Coutinho ◽

J. F. Rehfeld ◽

J. J. Holst ◽

B. Kulseng ◽

C. Martins

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Severe Obesity ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Cardiovascular Fitness ◽

Ghrelin Concentration ◽

Time Points ◽

Diet And Exercise ◽

The Impact

The impact of lifestyle-induced weight loss (WL) on appetite in patients with obesity remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the short- and long-term impact of WL achieved by diet and exercise on appetite in patients with obesity. Thirty-five (22 females) adults with severe obesity (body mass index: 42.5 ± 5.0 kg/m2) underwent a 2-yr WL program focusing on diet and exercise. Body weight (BW), cardiovascular fitness (V̇o2max), appetite feelings, and plasma concentrations of insulin, active ghrelin (AG), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and cholecystokinin (CCK), in the fasting and postprandial states, were measured at baseline (B), week 4 (W4), and 1 and 2 yr (and average values for all fasting and postprandial time points computed). BW was significantly reduced and V̇o2max(ml·kg−1·min−1) increased at all time points compared with B (3.5, 8.1, and 8.4% WL and 7, 11, and 8% increase at W4 and 1 and 2 yr, respectively). Basal hunger and average hunger and desire to eat were significantly increased at 1 and 2 yr. Basal fullness was significantly increased at W4, and average ratings were reduced at 1 yr. Average AG and PYY were significantly increased, and insulin was reduced, at all time points compared with B. Average GLP-1 was reduced at W4, and CCK was increased at 2 yr. After lifestyle-induced WL, patients with severe obesity will, therefore, have to deal with increased hunger in the long term. In conclusion, sustained WL at 2 yr achieved with diet and exercise is associated with increased hunger feelings and ghrelin concentration but also increased postprandial concentrations of satiety hormones.

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Impacts of human activities on coral reef ecosystems of southern Taiwan: A long-term study

Marine Pollution Bulletin ◽

10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.03.031 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 1129-1135 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Pi-Jen Liu ◽

Pei-Jie Meng ◽

Li-Lian Liu ◽

Jih-Terng Wang ◽

Ming-Yih Leu

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Human Activities ◽

Term Study ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽

Southern Taiwan

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Long-Term Cytotoxicity, pH and Dissolution Rate of AH Plus and MTA Fillapex

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201600735 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 419-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal da Silva ◽

Thais Accorsi-Mendonça ◽

Ana Carolina Pedrosa ◽

José Mauro Granjeiro ◽

Alexandre A. Zaia

Keyword(s):

Dissolution Rate ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Cell Viability Assay ◽

Time Points ◽

Viability Assay ◽

Significant Difference ◽

High Dissolution Rate ◽

Post Test ◽

Ah Plus

Abstract The aim of the present study was to verify the long-term cytotoxic effects of the MTA Fillapex and to compare them with AH Plus. Dissolution rate and pH were also evaluated. Human osteoblast cells were incubated with elutes of fresh specimens from AH Plus and MTA Fillapex, and with elutes of the same specimens for 4 successive weeks. Elute's pH was evaluated at each time point. A multiparametric cell viability assay was performed. For dissolution rate, ISO methodology was used. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, complemented with the Tukey post-test (p<0.05). No significant difference was found among the materials when fresh mixed (p>0.05). After 1 week, AH Plus became non-cytotoxic on all three evaluated parameters. Conversely, MTA Fillapex remained severely and mildly cytotoxic over the entire experimental period (p<0.05). The dissolution rate of AH Plus was significantly lower than MTA Fillapex at all time points (p>0.05). The pH of AH Plus was significantly lower than MTA Fillapex at the second and third week (p<0.05). In the other tested time points no statistical difference was observed. In conclusion, MTA Fillapex remained cytotoxic after 4 weeks and its cytotoxicity may be related to the high dissolution rate of this material.

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Long-Term Reactions to the Loss of a Close Friend in an Extreme Terror Incident

OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying ◽

10.1177/0030222818814052 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 351-369 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iren Johnsen ◽

Kari Dyregrov ◽

Stig Berge Matthiesen ◽

Jon Christian Laberg

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Studies ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Close Friend ◽

Traumatic Death ◽

Time Points ◽

Grief Reactions ◽

Over Time ◽

Avoidant Behavior

This article presents results from one of the first longitudinal studies exploring the effects of losing a close friend to traumatic death, focusing on complicated grief over time and how this is affected by avoidant behavior and rumination about the loss. The sample consists of 88 persons (76% women and 24% men, mean age = 21) who lost a close friend in the Utøya killings in Norway on July 22, 2011.Quantitative data were collected at three time-points; 18, 28, and 40 months postloss. Main findings are that bereaved friends are heavily impacted by the loss and their grief reactions are affected negatively by avoidant behavior and rumination. This indicates that close bereaved friends are a group to be aware of and that there is a need for better strategies for identifying individuals in need for follow-up.

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Effects of Successive Annual Training on Aerobic Endurance Indices in Young Swimmers

The Open Sports Sciences Journal ◽

10.2174/1875399x01710010214 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 214-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gavriil G. Arsoniadis ◽

Petros G. Botonis ◽

Ioannis S. Nikitakis ◽

Dimitrios Kalokiris ◽

Argyris G. Toubekis

Keyword(s):

Lactate Threshold ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Front Crawl ◽

Female Age ◽

Time Points ◽

Training Adaptations ◽

Before And After ◽

Preparation Period ◽

The Individual

Background: The magnitude of long-term changes on aerobic endurance indices provides useful information for understanding any training-induced adaptation during maturation. Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare changes in different aerobic endurance indices within two successive training years. Methods: Eight swimmers, (five male, three female; age: 14.1±1.5, height: 163.8±9.9 cm, body mass: 55.8±10 kg) were tested at four time-points, before and after the 12-week specific preparation period, within two successive training years (at year-1: start-1, end-1, at year-2: start-2, end-2). In each time-point were timed in distances of 50, 200 and 400 m front crawl to calculate the critical speed (CS). Subsequently, performed 5x200 m front crawl progressively increasing intensity and the lactate concentration was determined after each repetition. Using the individual speed vs. lactate concentration curve, the speed corresponding to 4 mmol.L-1 concentration (V4) and the speed corresponding to lactate threshold (sLT) were calculated. Results: Aerobic endurance was increased from year-1 to year-2 (effect of time, p<0.05) and no difference was observed between V4, sLT and CS at all time-points of evaluation (p>0.05). In year-1, V4, sLT and CS were unchanged even after the 12-week period (p>0.05). During year-2 of training it was only V4 that was increased from start-2 to end-2 (p<0.05), whereas sLT and CS were unchanged at the same period (p>0.05). Conclusion: The aerobic endurance indices change similarly throughout a two-year training, independent of the maturation. Possibly, V4 is more sensitive to detect training adaptations during the specific preparation period in young swimmers.

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Benthos from Baffin Bay Area: a photo catalogue

10.7287/peerj.preprints.26695 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Cindy Grant ◽

Laure de Montety ◽

Lisa Tréau de Coeli ◽

Nanette Hammeken ◽

Philippe Archambault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Benthic Invertebrates ◽

Large Scale ◽

Species Level ◽

Sample Processing ◽

Baffin Bay ◽

Bay Area ◽

Survey Sample ◽

Southwest Greenland

Many teams studying benthic biodiversity have faced the challenge of identifying collected specimens while they are at sea. The use of pictures is an efficient way to increase samples processing, while limiting wrong or incorrect identifications that can be done when many people are working on the same project at different times. This catalogue presents a non-exhaustive inventory of more than 750 taxa, most of them named to the species level, of benthic invertebrates recorded in Baffin Bay (Arctic) with a special attention paid to species recorded along the Southwest Greenland coast. It is designed to be an accurate tool for biologists to identify benthic invertebrates occurring in trawl/dredge samples, with the objective to decrease number of preserved samples and time spent on post-survey sample processing. It has proven particularly useful during the implementation of benthos monitoring on national fisheries assessment surveys as recently recommended by CAFF-CBMP (CAFF 2017) as a way to increase our knowledge of long-term and large-scale trends in Arctic benthos communities. The catalogue proposes original photos and drawings. A must for biologist studying benthos from Arctic waters!

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