scholarly journals The Structure and Function of Gut Microbiomes of Two Species of Sea Urchins, Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfabetian Harjuno Condro Haditomo ◽  
Masanori Yonezawa ◽  
Juanwen Yu ◽  
Sayaka Mino ◽  
Yuichi Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sequence Variant ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Mesocentrotus Nudus

Sea urchin is an indicator of coastal environmental changes in the global warming era, and is also a model organism in developmental biology and evolution. Due to the depletion of wild resources, new aquaculture techniques for improving stocks have been well studied. The gut microbiome shapes various aspects of a host’s physiology. However, these microbiome structures and functions on sea urchins, particularly Mesocentrotus nudus and Strongylocentrotus intermedius which are important marine bioresources commonly found in Japan, have not been fully investigated yet. Using metagenomic approaches including meta16S and shotgun metagenome sequencings, the structures, functions, and dynamics of the gut microbiome of M. nudus and S. intermedius, related to both habitat environment and host growth, were studied. Firstly, a broad meta16S analysis revealed that at the family level, Psychromonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae reads (38–71%) dominated in these sea urchins, which is a unique feature observed in species in Japan. Flavobacteriaceae reads were more abundant in individuals after rearing in an aquarium with circulating compared to one with running water. Campylobacteraceae and Vibrionaceae abundances increased in both kinds of laboratory-reared sea urchins in both types of experiments. 2-weeks feeding experiments of M. nudus and S. intermedius transplanted from the farm to laboratory revealed that these gut microbial structures were affected by diet rather than rearing environments and host species. Secondly, further meta16S analysis of microbial reads related to M. nudus growth revealed that at least four Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASV) affiliated to Saccharicrinis fermentans, which is known to be a nitrogen (N2) fixing bacterium, showed a significant positive correlation to the body weight and test diameter. Interestingly, gut microbiome comparisons using shotgun metagenome sequencing of individuals showing higher and lower growth rates revealed a significant abundance of “Nitrate and nitrite ammonification” genes in the higher-grown individuals under the circulating water rearing. These findings provide new insights on the structure-function relationship of sea urchin gut microbiomes beyond previously reported nitrogen fixation function in sea urchin in 1950s; we discovered a nitrate reduction function into ammonium for the growth promotion of sea urchin.

scholarly journals Quantitative study of the behavior of two broadcast spawners, the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Mesocentrotus nudus, during mass spawning events in situ

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11058
Author(s):  
Peter M. Zhadan ◽  
Marina A. Vaschenko ◽  
Peter A. Permyakov
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
Mass Spawning ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Mesocentrotus Nudus

Background The spatial distribution of spawners and temporal parameters of spawning in motile invertebrates with external fertilization might influence reproductive success. However, to date, data on the prespawning and spawning behaviors of broadcast spawners in the field have been scarce and mostly qualitative. The present study was intended to clarify the behavioral adaptations of two sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Mesocentrotus nudus, using quantitative analysis of their behavior during mass spawning events under natural conditions. Methods We analyzed in situ video recordings of sea urchin behavior obtained during six spawning seasons (2014–2019). The total number of specimens of each sea urchin species and the numbers of spawning males and females were counted. Quantitative parameters of sea urchin spawning (numbers of gamete batches, release duration of one gamete batch, time intervals between gamete batches and total duration of spawning) and movement (step length of spawners and nonspawners before and during spawning and changes in distances between males/nonspawners and females) were determined. Results For each species, 12 mass spawning events were recorded in which 10 or more individuals participated. The temporal dynamics of the numbers of males and females participating in mass spawning were well synchronized in both species; however, males began to spawn earlier and ended their spawning later than females. In both species, the most significant intersex difference was the longer spawning duration in males due to the longer pause between gamete batches. The total duration of gamete release did not differ significantly between sexes. The average duration of sperm release during mass spawning events was longer than solitary male spawning. Males and females showed significant increases in the locomotion rate 35 min before the start of spawning and continued to actively move during spawning. An increase in movement rate before spawning in males and females was induced by environmental factor(s). Nonspawners of both species showed increased locomotion activity but in the presence of spawning neighbors and less prominently than spawners. On a vertical surface, both echinoids moved strictly upward. On flat surfaces, males, females and nonspawners of both echinoids became closer during spawning. Discussion We showed that two sea urchin species with planktotrophic larvae display similar behavioral adaptations aimed at enhancing reproductive success. The high sensitivity of sea urchins, primarily males, to some environmental factors, most likely phytoplankton, may be considered a large-scale adaptation promoting the development of mass spawning events. The longer spawning duration in males and increased movement activity before and during spawning in both sexes may be considered small-scale adaptations promoting approach of males and females and enhancing the chances of egg fertilization.

scholarly journals Sibling Bald Sea Urchin Disease affecting the edible Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Sardinia, Italy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Grech ◽  
Ivan Guala ◽  
Simone Farina
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Sampling Campaign

Different species of echinoids and bivalves are suffering infectious diseases as the effect of ocean warming. In Sardinia (Western Mediterranean Sea) the keystone sea urchin species Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) is widely appreciated as edible resource. Recently, a number of individuals were found to be infected by a no specified bacterial morphologically matching to a “bald sea urchin disease” (Fig. 1). In February 2019, a sampling campaign took place in two locations in the West and East Coast, inside and in proximity of local Marine Protected Areas. Field samplings were approved by the Regione Autonoma Sardegna (Fishing License for scientific purposes n.310/AP SCIE/N.1 10/01/2019). Samplings were carried out at the end of February 2019, when water temperature was 13°C. For each sampled site we performed two replicates of fast 50 m belt transects to estimate the infection rate as the total individuals infected on the total counted. The estimated infection rate was around 5% in both of sampled locations. A higher level of preyed sea urchins was observed, compared to natural predatory level previously observed in all the surveyed sites. Moreover, an unusual amount of dead sea urchins has been observed stranded on the storm berm, neighbouring one of the sampled sites. Microbiological analysis puts in evidence bacterial infection as the potential causal agent that could be temperature-related. Previous mass mortalities of sea urchins due to this infection were reported in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea in the past, where populations of shallow waters sharply declined until 75% during the summer period. A number of papers argued global warming might be linked to the occurrence of catastrophic events in the Mediterranean Sea, which could alter the host/pathogen range and modify pathogen transmission rates. Thus, the spread of the infection could cause important consequences at genetic, population, community and ecosystem level. In the study area, it seems already evident how predatory pressure on populations sampled was increased probably due to the lowering of the natural defences of the sea urchin preys as consequence of the infection. Accordingly, the outbreak of this infection probably related with environmental changes could determine important effects on trophic interactions and generating unpredictable cascading effects. In this area, an increasing of the sea urchin disease and related mortality is expected in the next months with the temperature increasing. A long-term monitoring across the summer season will be crucial to understand the extent and magnitude of the phenomenon as its implications.

scholarly journals Mapping of Spinochromes in the Body of Three Tropical Shallow Water Sea Urchins

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lola Brasseur ◽  
Guillaume Caulier ◽  
Patrick Flammang ◽  
Pascal Gerbaux ◽  
Igor Eeckhaut
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
Body Compartments

Sea urchin pigments, also known as spinochromes or polyhydroxynaphthoquinones (PHNQ) have been well studied for their bioactive properties like anti-bacterial, fungicidal, antioxidant and pro-inflammatory effects. Moreover, many studies have analyzed and identified these pigments in sea urchin tests and spines but, and to the best of our knowledge, never in their body compartments or in a quantitative manner. The aim of this work was to investigate the diversity and concentration of pigments in three sea urchins localized in the same coral reef in Madagascar ( Diadema savignyi, Tripneustes gratilla and Toxopneustes pileolus). Their pigment distribution patterns were compared and linked to their behavior in order to understand better the implication of spinochromes in a sea urchin's life. Analyses and quantifications by LC-MS showed the presence of 11 different spinochromes with principally two kinds of patterns. First, D. savignyi showed a high concentration in all its body compartments with a predominance for Echinochrome A and Spinochrome D – Iso 3, a pattern close to the E. mathaei distribution found in our previous study. The presence of these pigments has been linked to their bioactive properties and suggested their implications in UV radiation protection, in reproduction, in feeding as well as in their immune systems. Secondly, T. gratilla and T. pileolus presented few spinochromes, which could explain their restricted diet and their covering behavior facing sunlight. Moreover, the absence of pigments in their gonads could be explained by their seasonal spawning occurring before our collection period. Nevertheless, the near absence of spinochromes may be counterbalanced by other bioactive compounds like their toxic proteins, which may act as either a defense mechanism or immune agents, or like carotenoid pigments already shown in sea urchin and acting as defense agents. In conclusion, spinochromes, and pigments in general, seem to play many roles in sea urchin ecology. Their highly reactive structures confer them with strong bioactive properties involved in most parts of their metabolic system and clearly participate in the survival of the sea urchins.

scholarly journals Influence of some environmental factors on growth of gray sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) at the northwestern coast of the Japan Sea

2018 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
M. O. Chalienko ◽  
V. N. Kulepanov ◽  
V. I. Matveev
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
Mean Size

Habitat conditions, as qualitative and quantitative composition of aquatic vegetation and oceanographic factors, are compared for six populations of sea urchinStrongylocentrotus intermediuswith different growth rate and mean size of individuals. The highest growth rate is observed in the areas between Cape Sosunov and Plitniak Bay, between Oprichnik Bay and Cape Grozny, and between Cape Lisuchenko and Kreiser Rock Island; all these areas are distinguished by high density and species diversity of macrophytes. On the contrary, the growth rate is the lowest at Cape Yuzhny where the vegetation is less abundant. All populations of slow-growing sea urchins inhabit the areas exposed to wave action that usually forms flat rocky platforms: at Cape Yuzhny, at Cape Nadezhda, and between the Yezhovaya Bay and Cape Khitrovo. However, density of sea urchin populations in these areas is higher (on average from 9.8 to 20.8 ind./m2) than in the areas with relatively high growth rate (from 0.16 to 7.20 ind./m2). Any signifcant correlation between the water temperature and mean size of sea urchins, by ages, is not detected.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Differences in the Toxic Effects of Heavy Fuel Oil on Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Xuanbo Wang ◽  
Hang Ren ◽  
Xishan Li ◽  
Huishu Chen ◽  
Zhonglei Ju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Paternal Exposure ◽  
Water Accommodated Fractions ◽  
Total Antioxidant

The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the sex-specific differences in the toxic effects of water-accommodated fractions of 380# heavy fuel oil (HFO WAF) on the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Sea urchins were acutely exposed to HFO WAF at different nominal concentrations (0%, 10% and 20%) for seven days. The results showed that females had a higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioaccumulation in gonad tissues and that both the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in the gonad tissues of females were much higher than those of males. The PAHs bioaccumulation in gametes indicated that parents’ exposure could lead to a transfer of PAHs to their offspring, and eggs had higher TAC and LPO than sperms. After maternal and paternal exposure to HFO WAF, the frequency of morphological abnormalities of the offspring was increased when compared to the control. Overall, these results indicated that maternal exposure to HFO WAF could cause more significantly toxic effects on sea urchins than paternal exposure could, which could lead to more significantly negative effects on their offspring.

scholarly journals Toxicity of Carbon, Silicon, and Metal-Based Nanoparticles to Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1825
Author(s):  
Konstantin Pikula ◽  
Alexander Zakharenko ◽  
Vladimir Chaika ◽  
Iurii Em ◽  
Anna Nikitina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Intermedius ◽  
Multiwalled Carbon ◽  
Silicon Nanotubes ◽  
Gold Nps ◽  
Toxicity Level ◽  
Living Organisms

With the increasing annual production of nanoparticles (NPs), the risks of their harmful influence on the environment and human health are rising. However, our knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between NPs and living organisms is limited. Prior studies have shown that echinoderms, and especially sea urchins, represent one of the most suitable models for risk assessment in environmental nanotoxicology. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius has not been used for testing the toxicity of NPs. The present study was designed to determine the effect of 10 types of common NPs on spermatozoa activity, egg fertilization, and early stage of embryo development of the sea urchin S. intermedius. In this research, we used two types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT-1 and CNT-2), two types of carbon nanofibers (CNF-1 and CNF-2), two types of silicon nanotubes (SNT-1 and SNT-2), nanocrystals of cadmium and zinc sulfides (CdS and ZnS), gold NPs (Au), and titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2). The results of the embryotoxicity test showed the following trend in the toxicity level of used NPs: Au > SNT-2 > SNT-1 > CdS > ZnS > CNF-2 > CNF-1 > TiO2 > CNT-1 > CNT-2. This research confirmed that the sea urchin S. intermedius can be considered as a sensitive and stable test model in marine nanotoxicology.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document