scholarly journals Mean Tear-Film Lipid Layer Thickness and Video Display Terminal Time as Risk Factors for Abnormal Blinking in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Shi-Nan Wu ◽  
Zhe Cheng ◽  
Dong Xiao ◽  
Hui-Ye Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Video Display ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
Gland Function

Objective: To explore the risk factors for abnormal blinking in children and the role of the tear-film lipid layer thickness (LLT) as a function of duration of video display terminal (VDT) use in children.Methods: Children attending the Optometry Clinic of Xinhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University were recruited for the study between June 2019 and June 2020. Time spent viewing a VDT (VDTt) over the previous 6 months was recorded. Incomplete blinking (IB) and blinking rate were measured over a 10 s period using the Lipiview® interferometer (Tear Science, Morrisville, NC, USA), and participants were allocated into groups with normal blinking (NBG, blink rate < 20 blinks/min) and abnormal blinking (ABG, blink rate ≥ 20 blinks/min). T-test, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare the differences in tear film (TF) stability indexes and meibomian gland function indexes between the two groups. Binary logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for abnormal blinking and protective factors related to children's use of VDT, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was also conducted.Results: A total of 167 children were included, with no statistically significant differences in age or sex between the two groups. According to the t-test, VDTt was significantly higher in ABG than NBG, while TF stability indices including tear break up time, LLT and the height of the tear meniscus, were significantly higher in NBG than ABG (P < 0.001). The results also showed better meibomian gland function in NBG than ABG (P < 0.05). Binary logistic analysis showed that VDTt is an important risk factor for abnormal blinking, and the average of LLT (AVG) was found to be an important protective factor for children using a VDT for long periods, with a cut-off value of 1.5 h and 57.5 nm, respectively. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve value of VDTt and AVG was 0.833 and 0.969, respectively (P < 0.001).Conclusion: In children, VDTt is an important risk factor for abnormal blinking, and the AVG is an important protective factor for children using VDT for long periods.

scholarly journals Video display terminal use and other risk factors for abnormal blinking in children: gender differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Shi-Nan Wu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Chen Zhao ◽  
Hui-Ye Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Video Display ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
The Past ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protection Index

Abstract Objective To explore the risk factors for abnormal blinking in children and compare these between boys and girls. Methods Children attending the Children's Optometry Clinic between June 2019 and June 2020 were recruited for the study. The time they had spent viewing video displays (VDTt) over the past 6 months was recorded. Incomplete blinking (IB) and blinking rate were measured and all participants were allocated to groups based on their blink rate (<20 times/min = normal blinking group, NBG; ≥20 times/min = abnormal blinking group, ABG). Tear film (TF) stability was also evaluated. The corresponding statistical methods are used to analyze the data. Results A total of 87 boys and 80 girls were enrolled in the study. No significant difference in age was found between the 2 groups. There was a significant difference in TF stability between the two groups (P<0.05). According to binary logistic analysis, VDTt and ocular protection index (OPI) are important risk factors for abnormal blinking, with cut-off values of 1.75 hours and 1.014 respectively in boys; and 1.25 hours and 1.770 respectively in girls. The average of lipid layer thickness was an important protective factor for children using VDT for long periods, with a cut-off value of 58.5 nm in boys and 53.5nm in girls. Conclusion Risk factors for abnormal blinking in both boys and girls include VDTt and OPI.

scholarly journals Effects of warm compress on tear film, blink pattern and Meibomian gland function in dry eyes after corneal refractive surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyi Zhou ◽  
Yang Shen ◽  
Jianmin Shang ◽  
Xingtao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Dry Eyes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Gland Function

Abstract Background To assess the effects of warm compress (WC) on tear film lipid layer, blink pattern and Meibomian gland function in patients with dry eye following femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK). Methods We enrolled 37 eyes of 37 participants, each with dry eye for more than 2 years following SMILE (25 eyes) or LASEK (12 eyes). WC was performed using a spontaneously heating eye mask. Tear film break-up time (TBUT), tear film lipid layer thickness (TFLLT), blink pattern, Meibomian secretory function scores (MGS), visual acuity, spherical equivalent (SE), keratometry, central corneal thickness (CCT) and aberration were assessed before and after WC. Results After WC, the following mean values all increased relative to baselines: CCT, SE, minimum (Min-), maximum (Max-) and average (Ave-) TFLLT, TBUT, total MGS (TMGS), number of glands secreting any liquid (MGL), and complete blink rate (CBR) (p values ranging from < 0.001 to 0.042). Partial blink frequency (PBF) and partial blink rate (PBR) decreased (p = 0.002 in both cases). The decrease of PBF was higher in SMILE subgroup than in LASEK (p = 0.030). TBUT variation was positively correlated with that of Ave-TFLLT and TMGS (p = 0.046, 0.028, respectively). Max-TFLLT variation was correlated with that of TMGS (p = 0.020). Conclusions WC may temporarily increase tear film thickness and stability, decrease partial blink, and partly augment Meibomian gland function in dry eye patients after corneal refractive surgeries. Future studies are required to investigate long term clinical efficacy and safety.

scholarly journals Effects of Warm Compress on Tear Film, Blink Pattern and Meibomian Gland Function in Dry Eyes After Corneal Refractive Surgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyi Zhou ◽  
Yang Shen ◽  
Jianmin Shang ◽  
Xingtao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Dry Eye ◽  
Refractive Surgery ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Corneal Refractive Surgery ◽  
Gland Function

Abstract Background To assess the effects of warm compress (WC) on tear film lipid layer, blink pattern and Meibomian gland function in patients with dry eye following femtosecond laser small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK). Methods We enrolled 37 eyes of 37 participants, each with dry eye for more than 2 years following SMILE (25 eyes) or LASEK (12 eyes). WC was performed using a spontaneously heating eye mask. Safety parameters and effectiveness parameters (tear film break-up time, TBUT; tear film lipid layer thickness, TFLLT; blink pattern, and Meibomian secretory function scores, MGS) were assessed before and after WC. Results After WC, the following mean values all increased relative to baselines: central corneal thickness, spherical equivalent, minimum (Min-), maximum (Max-) and average (Ave-) TFLLT, TBUT, total MGS (TMGS), number of glands secreting any liquid (MGL), and complete blink rate (CBR) (p values ranging from < 0.0001 to 0.042). Partial blink frequency (PBF) and partial blink rate (PBR) decreased (p = 0.002 in both cases). The decrease of PBF was higher in SMILE subgroup than in LASEK (p = 0.030). TBUT variation was positively correlated with that of Ave-TFLLT and TMGS (p = 0.046, 0.028, respectively). Max-TFLLT variation was correlated with that of TMGS (p = 0.020). Conclusions WC may temporarily improve tear film quality and blink pattern, augment Meibomian gland function, and relieve dry eye symptoms after corneal refractive surgery, particularly that using the SMILE technique.

scholarly journals Meibomian gland imaging: A review

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanne L. Nicholas ◽  
Wayne D.H. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Unique Feature ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Additional Method ◽  
Ocular Discomfort ◽  
Meibomian Glands ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Valuable Role

The meibomian glands of the upper and lower eyelids play a valuable role in secreting the lipidlayer of the tear film. Disturbances in meibomian gland function may result in altered secretion andvariations in tear composition which may lead to meibomian gland dysfunction and evaporativedry eye, leading to ocular discomfort. To diagnose and monitor the structural and functionalchanges occurring within the glands of the eyelids, various imaging techniques are available.Some of the methods used to evaluate the tears and therefore the meibum within the tears includeevaporimetry, interferometry, tear osmolarity and meibometry. With these techniques, changesin the lipid layer of the tear film can be quantified and alterations in meibomian gland functionassessed. Meibography is an additional method that can be used; it has the unique feature ofallowing the assessment of meibomian gland morphology during ocular surface disease processes.The aim of this review is to create an improved understanding of the meibomian glands and theways that they may be investigated in order to expand on the treatment methods available.

scholarly journals Benefits and Safety of Astaxanthin in the Treatment of Mild-To-Moderate Dry Eye Disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Tian ◽  
Ya Wen ◽  
Siyuan Li ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Yinghui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Eyelid Margin ◽  
Blink Frequency

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of astaxanthin in the treatment of mild-to-moderate dry eye disease (DED) in middle-aged and elderly patients.Methods: 120 eyes of 60 middle-aged and elderly patients with mild-to-moderate DED were enrolled in this prospective, one-group, quasi-experimental study. Six milligram Astaxanthin tablets (Weihong Haematococcus Pluvialis Astaxanthin, Hangzhou Xinwei Low Carbon Technology R&amp;D Co., Ltd., China) were administered orally, twice daily for 30 ± 2 days. History of eye diseases, treatment, systemic disease, and medication before the test were recorded. In addition, the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), fluorescein break-up time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score, eyelid margin signs, meibomian gland (MG) expressibility, meibum quality, meibomian gland dropout (MGDR), Schirmer I test (SIt), tear meniscus height (TMH), bulbar conjunctiva congestion degree, blink frequency, incomplete blink rate, and thickness of tear film lipid layer were collected before treatment, 2 weeks after the initiation of treatment, and at the end of treatment. Visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior segment, fundus, discomfort symptoms and other adverse reactions were also monitored throughout the study to assess the safety.Results: OSDI score, NIBUT, BUT, CFS score, eyelid margin signs, MG expressibility, meibum quality, and blink frequency improved significantly to varying degrees after treatment compared with those before the treatment (P &lt; 0.05), while TMH, SIt, conjunctival congestion, the thickness of tear film lipid layer, MGDR, incomplete blink rate, VA and IOP did not differ (P &gt; 0.05).Conclusions: Oral administration of astaxanthin improves the symptoms and signs of middle-aged and elderly patients with mild-to-moderate DED.

The lipid layer of tears: dependent on meibomian gland function

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. McCulley ◽  
Ward E. Shine
Keyword(s):  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Gland Function

scholarly journals Image-based quantitative analysis of tear film lipid layer thickness for meibomian gland evaluation

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeonha Hwang ◽  
Hee-Jae Jeon ◽  
Kin Choong Yow ◽  
Ho Sik Hwang ◽  
EuiHeon Chung
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Lipid Layer

scholarly journals Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), as diagnosed by non-contact infrared Meibography, in dogs with ocular surface disorders (OSD): a retrospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Viñas ◽  
Federica Maggio ◽  
Nunzio D’Anna ◽  
Roberto Rabozzi ◽  
Claudio Peruccio
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Underlying Pathology

Abstract Background Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the possible conditions underlying ocular surface disorders (OSD). Prevalence of MGD in dogs affected by OSD has not yet been reported. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MGD among OSD canine patients, which had been assessed by non-contact infrared meibography and interferometry, and to identify MGD associated factors that might guide its diagnosis. Medical records of canine patients examined for OSD between 2016 and 2019 were reviewed. The frequency of MGD was evaluated within different categories (skull conformation, gender, eye and STT-1). The putative MGD risk factors and frequency of MGD within grades of interferometry were evaluated in a regression analysis model and reported as odd ratios (ORs). Results One hundred fifty eyes from 81 dogs with OSD were included with median age 75 months (range 3–192) and female representation with 52%. MGD was present in 70% of the examined eyes. MGD risk was higher in males ORadj = 3.015 (95% CI: 1.395–6.514) (P = 0.005) and older patients ORadj = 1.207 (95% CI: 1.081–1.348) (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between left and right eyes (P = 0.66) or between the two types of skull conformation (P = 0.477) and MGD presence. MGD was associated to the lowest lipid layer (LL) thickness, as assessed by interferometry (grade 0) OR = 16.00 (95% CI: 2.104–121.68) (P < 0.001). STT values were not significantly associated with the presence of MGD (P > 0.05). Conclusions MGD is a common underlying pathology in OSD. Being male and higher age are risk factors for MGD. An interferometry grade 0 may guide OSD diagnosis towards MGD.

scholarly journals Androgen and meibomian gland dysfunction: from basic molecular biology to clinical applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-922
Author(s):  
Li-Xiang Wang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tear Film ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Lipid Layer ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Eye Symptoms ◽  
Dry Eye Symptoms

Meibomian gland, the largest sebaceous gland of the body, is responsible for the biosynthesis of lipid layer of the tear film to prevent excessive evaporation. The loss of normal functions of meibomian gland, known as meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), is a chronic disease and is the leading cause of dry eye symptoms in the clinics. Studies have found sex hormones, especially androgen, play vital roles in the regulation of the functions of meibomian gland. Recently, androgen has also been preliminarily applied in clinics for the treatment of MGD and showed promising results, especially in people with endogenous androgen deficiency. This review summarized the mechanisms of the function of androgen on meibomian gland based on molecular, animal, and clinical studies, and proposed evidence-based views about its potential applications for the treatment of MGD.

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