scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of the Ileum Microbiota Composition in Piglets at Different Growth Stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Lu ◽  
Yadan Liu ◽  
Yijia Ma ◽  
Shu Wang ◽  
Chunbo Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Pig Breeds ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Intestinal microbiota can affect the intake, storage, and absorption of nutrients in the body, thereby greatly impacting the growth and development of animals. In addition to diet, the breed and growth stages of pigs could also affect changes in the intestinal microbiota. However, research on the developmental changes in the ileum microbiota of piglets remains unclear. In this study, the ileum microbiota of Jinfen White and Mashen piglets at different developmental stages were investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. Physiologically, the villus height of the ileum decreased, and the crypt depth increased during the development of the two pig breeds. Additionally, the serum antioxidant factors in the Jinfen White piglets were significantly higher than in the Mashen piglets at the end of the nursing stage. A total of 690 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 21 phyla and 286 genera were identified, of which Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla during the development of both the Jinfen White and Mashen piglets, accounting for ∼90% of all OTUs. Further research revealed differences in dominant bacteria between the two breeds. With increasing age, the ileum microbial diversity increased, and in both the pig breeds, the proportion of Firmicutes increased, whereas the proportion of Proteobacteria decreased. Additionally, different samples were characterized by specific genera, and different Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were predicted at certain developmental stages. Finally, the correlation between the ileum microbiota and physiological features was analyzed, and it was suggested that the host and environmental factors play important roles in the formation of the microbial community structure in piglets. In summary, we delineated the structure, function, and differences in ileum microbiota between Jinfen White and Mashen piglets during different growth stages. This study helps to understand the development of the intestinal microbiota in local and hybrid pig breeds.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Intestinal Microbiota During the Different Growth Stages of Red Swamp Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengqi Xie ◽  
Shiyu Zhang ◽  
Lili Xu ◽  
Zhixin Wu ◽  
Junfa Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Different Growth Stages

This study aimed to determine the effect of the growth stage of Procambarus clarkii on their intestinal microbiota. Intestinal samples of five different growth stages of P. clarkii (first instar, second instar, third instar, juvenile, and adult) from laboratory culture were analyzed through the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform to determine the intestinal microbiome of crayfish. The alpha diversity decreased along with the growth of the crayfish, with the relative abundance of the microbiota changing among stages; crayfish at closer development stages had a more comparable intestinal microbiota composition. A comparative analysis by principal component analysis and principal coordinate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the intestinal microbiota of crayfish among the different growth stages, except for the first two stages of larval crayfish, and the intestinal microbiota showed a consistent progression pattern from the larval stage to the juvenile stage. Some microbiota showed stage specificity, which might be the characteristic microbiota of different stages of growth. According to FAPROTAX functional clustering analysis, the three stages of larvae were clustered together, while the juvenile and adult stages were clustered separately according to the growth stage, indicating that, in the early stages of larval development, the function of the intestinal flora was similar; as the body grew and developed, the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota also changed.

scholarly journals Cultivable intestinal microbiota of yellowtail juveniles (Seriola lalandi) in an aquaculture system

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-403
Author(s):  
Eduardo Aguilera ◽  
Gabriel Yany ◽  
Jaime Romero
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Seriola Lalandi

The yellowtail (Seriola lalandi) has been farmed for many years and is becoming a promising aquaculture species. Knowledge of the intestinal microbiota of this species is very limited. Thus, the aim of this study is to describe the bacterial populations associated with the intestinal tract of Seriola lalandi reared in Chile. The microbiota composition was analyzed at two growth stages distinguished by weight and parameters such as Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR). Juveniles (mean initial weight 7.33 ± 0.30 g) and pre-adults (81.7 ± 19.0 g) were fed with commercial diet for 33 and 50 days, respectively. The first intestinal samples were collected at the end of Trial 1 from specimens weighing approximately 50 g while the second samples were obtained at the end of Trial 2 from specimens weighing approximately 370 g. The microbiota composition was examined using conventional isolation in Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) followed by 16S rRNA sequencing and identification. In total, 16 genera were identified. Pseudomonas, Vibrio and Staphylococcus were the predominant genera in fish at the 50 g stage, whereas Microbacterium and Francisella were the predominant genera in the 370 g stage. The microbiota composition showed different assemblages, depending on host size, with Bacillus and Vibrio being the only genera that were shared. Knowledge of the intestinal microbiota of Seriola lalandi is the first step in the exploration of microbiota management and the development of probiotics, as well as in the identification of the bacterial populations in healthy fish under cultured conditions.

Variation in the microbiome of the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus with sex, instar and endosymbiont infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Xi Zhu ◽  
Zhang-Rong Song ◽  
Shi-Mei Huo ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Xiao-Yue Hong
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Most arthropod-associated bacterial communities play a crucial role in host functional traits, whose structure could be dominated by endosymbionts. The spider mite Tetranychus truncatus is a notorious agricultural pest harboring various endosymbionts, yet the effects of endosymbionts on spider mite microbiota remain largely unknown. Here, using deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the microbiota of male and female T. truncatus with different endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) across different developmental stages. Although the spider mite microbiota composition varied across the different developmental stages, Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria harbored in all samples. Positive relationships among related operational taxonomic units dominated the significant coassociation networks among bacteria. Moreover, the spider mites coinfected with Wolbachia and Spiroplasma had a significantly higher daily fecundity and juvenile survival rate than the singly infected or uninfected spider mites. The possible function of spider-mite associated bacteria was discussed. Our results highlight the dynamics of spider mite microbiotas across different life stages, and the potential role of endosymbionts in shaping the microbiota of spider mites and improving host fitness.

SENSITIVITY OF CROP PLANTS TO WATER STRESS AT SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES: REEVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvi Plaut
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Uniform Reduction ◽  
Different Growth Stages

It has been suggested that in many crops differences in sensitivity to water stress occur at different growth stages. Since identical amounts of water may be applied, irrespective of whether a crop is exposed to relatively severe and short periods of stress or to extended periods of mild stress, the responses to such differing conditions should be compared. Unfortunately, such a comparison has not been conducted in most studies on sensitivity to water stress at different growth stages. In the present study, based on three field experiments conducted for different purposes, such a comparison was made for three crops: corn, sunflower, and tomato. In corn, distinct responses of ear and kernel yields to the timing of water stress were found. Withdrawal of irrigation water during flowering and cob formation resulted in greater yield losses than during other stages, indicating that this is a critical growth stage. However, slight and uniform reduction of water during the entire growth period resulted in significantly less damage to kernel or ear production, although the total amount of water applied was similar to that under staged withdrawal. In sunflowers, the withdrawal of irrigation water even at noncritical growth stages caused a more marked reduction in grain yield than did a uniform reduction throughout the entire season. In tomatoes, on the other hand, the withdrawal of irrigation water during specific growth stages caused minimal damage to fruit and total soluble solids yield as compared with fully irrigated control; reduction of irrigation water throughout the season brought about a significant decrease in yield. The difference between these crops is interpreted on the basis of the determinance of their floral meristems.

scholarly journals Early-life intestinal microbiome in Trachemys scripta elegans analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Peng ◽  
Yahui Chen ◽  
Li Ding ◽  
Zimiao Zhao ◽  
Peiyu Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Early Life ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Trachemys Scripta ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Trachemys Scripta Elegans ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
D 20 ◽  
Different Growth Stages

During the early-life period, the hatchlings of red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) rely on their own post-hatching internal yolk for several days before beginning to feed. The gut microbiome is critical for the adaptation of organisms to new environments, but, to date, how the microbiome taxa are assembled during early life of the turtle is unknown. In this study, the intestinal microbiome of red-eared slider hatchlings (fed on commercial particle food) was systematically analyzed at four different growth stages (0 d, 10 d, 20 d, 30 d) by a high-throughput sequencing approach. Results showed that the dominant phyla were Firmicutes (58.23%) and Proteobacteria (41.42%) at 0-day, Firmicutes (92.94%) at 10-day, Firmicutes (67.08%) and Bacteroidetes (27.17%) at 20-day, and Firmicutes (56.46%), Bacteroidetes (22.55%) and Proteobacteria (20.66%) at 30-day post-hatching. Members of the Bacteroidaceae family were absent in 0-day and 10-day turtles, but dominated in 20-day and 30-day turtles. The abundance of Clostridium also showed the highest value in 10-day turtles. The richness of the intestinal microbiomes was lower at 0-day and 30-day than that at 10-day and 20-day, while the diversity was higher at 10-day and 30-day than that at 0-day and 20-day. The results endowed the turtles with an ability to enhance their tolerance to the environment.

scholarly journals Developmental Change of Yolk Microbiota and Its Role on Early Colonization of Intestinal Microbiota in Chicken Embryo

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Peng Ding ◽  
Huichao Liu ◽  
Yueyue Tong ◽  
Xi He ◽  
Xin Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Kegg Analysis ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Detailed Composition ◽  
Neonatal Chicks

Although the fertilized eggs were found to contain microbes in early studies, the detailed composition of yolk microbiota and its influence on embryo intestinal microbiota have not been satisfactorily examined yet. In this study, the yolk microbiota was explored by using 16s rRNA sequencing at different developmental stages of the broiler embryo. The results showed that the relative abundance of yolk microbiota was barely changed during embryogenesis. According to the KEGG analysis, the yolk microbiota were functionally related to amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolisms during chicken embryogenesis. The yolk microbiota influences the embryonic intestinal microbiota through increasing the colonization of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in the intestine, particularly. The intestinal microbes of neonatal chicks showed higher proportions of Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Coprococcus, Dorea, and Roseburia compared to the embryonic intestinal microbiota. Our findings might give a better understanding of the composition and developmental change of yolk microbiota and its roles in shaping the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Skeletal Muscle from Black Muscovy Duck at Different Growth Stages Using RNA-seq

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Zhigang Hu ◽  
Junting Cao ◽  
Guangyu Liu ◽  
Huilin Zhang ◽  
Xiaolin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Muscovy Duck ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Muscovy Ducks ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In China, the production for duck meat is second only to that of chicken, and the demand for duck meat is also increasing. However, there is still unclear on the internal mechanism of regulating skeletal muscle growth and development in duck. This study aimed to identity candidate genes related to growth of duck skeletal muscle and explore the potential regulatory mechanism. RNA-seq technology was used to compare the transcriptome of skeletal muscles in black Muscovy ducks at different developmental stages (day 17, 21, 27, 31, and 34 of embryos and postnatal 6-month-olds). The SNPs and InDels of black Muscovy ducks at different growth stages were mainly in “INTRON”, “SYNONYMOUS_CODING”, “UTR_3_PRIME”, and “DOWNSTREAM”. The average number of AS in each sample was 37,267, mainly concentrated in TSS and TTS. Besides, a total of 19 to 5377 DEGs were detected in each pairwise comparison. Functional analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly involved in the processes of cell growth, muscle development, and cellular activities (junction, migration, assembly, differentiation, and proliferation). Many of DEGs were well known to be related to growth of skeletal muscle in black Muscovy duck, such as MyoG, FBXO1, MEF2A, and FoxN2. KEGG pathway analysis identified that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways related to the focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Some DEGs assigned to these pathways were potential candidate genes inducing the difference in muscle growth among the developmental stages, such as FAF1, RGS8, GRB10, SMYD3, and TNNI2. Our study identified several genes and pathways that may participate in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in black Muscovy duck. These results should serve as an important resource revealing the molecular basis of muscle growth and development in duck.

scholarly journals Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes Associated With Precocious Puberty by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization in Goat Pituitary Tissues

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufang Liu ◽  
Guiling Cao ◽  
Yujing Xie ◽  
Mingxing Chu
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Suppression Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Oocyte Meiosis ◽  
Go Terms ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract Background Our study aimed to identify genes related to precocious puberty expressed in the pituitary of different growth stages goats using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) screening. Pituitary tissues at 30 day and 90 day and 180 day growth stages of Jining gray goats and Liaoning cashmere goats were used in this study. To identify differentially expressed genes in the pituitary tissues, mRNA from these tissues was extracted and SSH libraries were constructed for screening (API, EPI and BPI groups). ResultsA total of 60, 49 and 58 differently expression genes were annotation in the database. 222 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 75 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were matched to those genes. Most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the GO terms “structural constituent of ribosome”, “translation” and “GTP binding” were significantly enriched while numerous DEGs related to the Jak-STAT signaling and oocyte meiosis pathways were also significantly enriched. Candidate genes to be involved in precocious puberty and sexual development were retrieved from the SSH libraries. These related genes were discussed taking into account whether they were expressed in different growth stages of pituitary tissues, and of which them influenced the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. ConclusionsInteresting findings about precocious puberty related genes from an evolutionary perspective (such as PRLP0, EIF5A and YWHAH) and for putative future goats breeding applications are reported here. We provide a valuable dataset that will facilitate further research into the reproductive biology of goats.

scholarly journals Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota in 3-Deoxyglucosone-Induced Prediabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jin Cai ◽  
Liang Zhou ◽  
Xiudao Song ◽  
Meiqi Yin ◽  
Guoqiang Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Intragastric Administration ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Maillard Reactions ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Microbial Profiling ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dominant Bacteria

Our previous research suggests that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), formed in the caramelization course and Maillard reactions in food, is an independent factor for the development of prediabetes. Since the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and intestinal microbiota is moving from correlation to causality, we investigated the alterations in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in 3DG-induced prediabetic rats. Rats were given 50 mg/kg 3DG by intragastric administration for two weeks. Microbial profiling in faeces samples was determined through the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in plasma and intestinal tissues were measured by ELISA and Limulus test, respectively. 3DG treatment did not significantly change the richness and evenness but affected the composition of intestinal microbiota. At the phylum level, 3DG treatment increased the abundance of nondominant bacteria Proteobacteria but did not cause the change of the dominant bacteria. Meanwhile, the abundance of the Prevotellaceae family and Parasutterela genus and the Alcaligencaeae family and Burkholderiales order and its attachment to the Betaproteobacteria class were overrepresented in the 3DG group. The bacteria of Candidatus Soleaferrea genus, Gelria genus, and Thermoanaerobacteraceae family and its attachment to Thermoanaerobacterales order were apparently more abundant in the control group. In addition, 45 KEGG pathways were altered after two-week intragastric administration of 3DG. Among these KEGG pathways, 13 KEGG pathways were involved in host metabolic function related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Moreover, the increased LPS levels and the decreased GLP-2 concentration in plasma and intestinal tissues were observed in 3DG-treated rats, together with the impaired fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance. The alterations in composition and function of the intestinal microbiota were observed in 3DG-treated rats, which provides a possible mechanism linking exogenous 3DG intake to the development of prediabetes.

Olenelloid tribolites: type species, functional morphology and higher classification

1989 ◽  
Vol 324 (1221) ◽  
pp. 111-147 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Posterior Margin ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Heavy Weight ◽  
Close Relatives

Type or topotype specimens of the type species of the genera Olenellus , Nevadia , Wanneria and Elliptocephala are redescribed, together with similar specimens of 0. vermontanus and 0 . robsonensis . Entire, or almost entire, exoskeletons of all these species are known. In the light of this re-investigation, and of recent escnp ions o Canadian, Scandinavian and Russian material, the exoskeletal morphology of olenelloids is reviewed. The exoskeleton was convex, sloping gently downwar s rom the axial furrow, more steeply distally. The perrostral suture and probably a circumocular suture were present, dorsal sutures are unknown. A macropleural third segment, a large axial spine on the fifteenth segment, and a subdivision o t e t orax at this segment, appear to characterize species of Olenellus and its close relatives. In species of other genera there may be a transition between the subdivisions of the thorax, either the macropleura or the axial spine may be absent, or none ol these features may be developed. Articulating flanges in the thoracic exoskeleton ol 0. thompsoni are described, and may occur in other genera ; it appears probable that olenelloids could partly enrol. The small pygidium consisted of few segments, the convex axis being ill-defined, the posterior margin of the pleural region entire, bilobed, or spinose; the doublure extended under much of the posterior pleural region. The olenelloid pygidium included the telson and a few segments, and was a terminal tagma of the body, as in all trilobites. On the external dorsal surface of the exoskeleton a reticulate pattern of raised ridges is present in some species, in others the ridges anastomose, or granulation may occur. The doublure bore terrace ridges. From the earliest olenelloid developmental stages the perrostral suture is present, the dorsal branches of the sutures absent, and the macropleura may disappear, or be retained, during ontogeny. The configurations of holaspid moults suggest that partial enrolment was essential to the process of exuviation. The perrostral and circumocular sutures facilitated such exuviation, this sutural arrangement being different from, but as effective as, the arrangements in contemporaneous and younger trilobites. Exoskeletal characters considered distinctive of olenelloids are all known in other trilobites; none is unique. The developmental stages of olenelloids, redlichioids and paradoxidoids show similarities, and holaspides have many characters in common. The order Redlichiida, embracing these groups and possibly also ellisocephaloids, is advocated, heavy weight being placed on similarities in growth stages as evidence of relationship. There is no basis for K.-E. Lauterbach’s concept of the ‘telosom a’, or for the pygidium being an intercalary, rather than a terminal, tagma of the body in trilobites. Characters of the olenelloid exoskeleton are not like those of any Cambrian or younger chelicerate.

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