Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota in 3-Deoxyglucosone-Induced Prediabetic Rats

Our previous research suggests that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), formed in the caramelization course and Maillard reactions in food, is an independent factor for the development of prediabetes. Since the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and intestinal microbiota is moving from correlation to causality, we investigated the alterations in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in 3DG-induced prediabetic rats. Rats were given 50 mg/kg 3DG by intragastric administration for two weeks. Microbial profiling in faeces samples was determined through the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in plasma and intestinal tissues were measured by ELISA and Limulus test, respectively. 3DG treatment did not significantly change the richness and evenness but affected the composition of intestinal microbiota. At the phylum level, 3DG treatment increased the abundance of nondominant bacteria Proteobacteria but did not cause the change of the dominant bacteria. Meanwhile, the abundance of the Prevotellaceae family and Parasutterela genus and the Alcaligencaeae family and Burkholderiales order and its attachment to the Betaproteobacteria class were overrepresented in the 3DG group. The bacteria of Candidatus Soleaferrea genus, Gelria genus, and Thermoanaerobacteraceae family and its attachment to Thermoanaerobacterales order were apparently more abundant in the control group. In addition, 45 KEGG pathways were altered after two-week intragastric administration of 3DG. Among these KEGG pathways, 13 KEGG pathways were involved in host metabolic function related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Moreover, the increased LPS levels and the decreased GLP-2 concentration in plasma and intestinal tissues were observed in 3DG-treated rats, together with the impaired fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance. The alterations in composition and function of the intestinal microbiota were observed in 3DG-treated rats, which provides a possible mechanism linking exogenous 3DG intake to the development of prediabetes.

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Combined Intestinal Metabolomics and Microbiota Analysis for Acute Endometritis Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.791373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Yuqing Dong ◽

Yuan Yuan ◽

Yichuan Ma ◽

Yuanyue Luo ◽

Wenjing Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Chronic Infections ◽

Intestinal Microbes ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

And Function

Endometritis is generally caused by bacterial infections, including both acute and chronic infections. In the past few decades, accumulated evidence showed that the occurrence of diseases might be related to gut microbiota. The progression of diseases is previously known to change the composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it also causes corresponding changes in metabolites, primarily by affecting the physiological processes of microbiota. However, the effects of acute endometritis on intestinal microbiota and its metabolism remain unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effects of acute endometritis on intestinal microbes and their metabolites. Briefly, endometritis was induced in 30 specific pathogen-free (SPF) BALB/c female mice via intrauterine administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after anesthesia. Following this, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatogram-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were performed. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Klebsiella, Lachnoclostridium_5, and Citrobacter was found to be greater in the LPS group than in the control group. Importantly, the control group exhibited a higher ratio of Christensenellaceae_R−7_group and Parasutterella. Furthermore, intestinal metabolomics analysis in mice showed that acute endometritis altered the concentration of intestinal metabolites and affected biological oxidation, energy metabolism, and biosynthesis of primary bile acids. The correlation analysis between microbial diversity and metabolome provided a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the composition and function of the microbial community. Altogether, the findings of this study would be helpful in the prevention and treatment of acute endometritis in the future.

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Bacterial Diversity and Community in Regional Water Microbiota between Different Towns in World’s Longevity Township Jiaoling, China

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13080361 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 361

Author(s):

Lei Wu ◽

Xinqiang Xie ◽

Jumei Zhang ◽

Yu Ding ◽

Qingping Wu

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

The Other ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Metabolic Characteristics ◽

Kegg Pathways ◽

Healthy Longevity ◽

And Function ◽

Regional Water

Healthy longevity is associated with many factors, however, the potential correlation between longevity and microbiota remains elusive. To address this, we explored environmental microbiota from one of the world’s longevity townships in China. We used 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing to analyze the composition and function of water microbiota. The composition and diversity of water microbiota significantly differed between the towns. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, and Stenotrophomonas were only dominant in Xinpu, a town with an exceptionally high centenarian population. Several biomarkers were identified, including Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Paracoccus, Lactobacillales, Psychrobacter, Bacteroides, Ruminococcaceae, and Faecalibacterium, and these shown to be responsible for the significant differences between towns. The main species contributing to the differences between towns were Cyanobacteria, Cupriavidus and Ralstonia. Based on KEGG pathways showed that the predicted metabolic characteristics of the water microbiota in Xinpu towns were significantly different to those of the other towns. The results revealed significant differences in the composition and diversity of water microbiota in the longevity township. These findings provide a foundation for further research on the role of water microbiota in healthy longevity.

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Supplementation of Geranylgeraniol and Tocotrienols to High-Fat Diet Shifts the Gut Microbiome Composition and Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 393-393

Author(s):

Moamen Elmassry ◽

Eunhee Chung ◽

Abdul Hamood ◽

Chwan-Li Shen

Keyword(s):

Relative Abundance ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

High Fat ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

And Function

Abstract Objectives In recent years, characterization of gut microbiota composition and function were linked to the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent evidence showed that Geranylgeraniol, an isoprenoid found in fruits, vegetables, and grains, improves glucose homeostasis. Similarly, Tocotrienols, a subfamily of vitamin E, also contains anti-diabetic properties. In this study, we examined the combined effect of geranylgeraniol and tocotrienols on the composition and function of gut microbiome in obese male mice. Methods Forty male C57BL/6J mice were assigned to 4 groups in a factorial design as follows: high-fat diet (HFD) (control group), HFD + geranylgeraniol [400 mg/kg diet] (GG group), HFD + tocotrienols [400 mg/kg diet] (TT group), and HFD + geranylgeraniol + tocotrienols (G + T group) for 14 weeks. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was done from cecal samples and microbiome and data analysis was performed with QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. Results Across all groups, the most abundant phyla were Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. There was no difference in alpha diversity among different groups. Different treatments influenced the relative abundance of certain bacteria. In the Bacteroidetes phylum, the relative abundance of family S24–7 increased in the TT group only. In the Firmicutes phylum, the relative abundance of family Lachnospiraceae was reduced upon the supplementation of geranylgeraniol or tocotrienols; individually or in combination. In Verrucomicrobia phylum, Akkermansia muciniphila relative abundance was reduced in the TT group but increased in the G + T group. The results of functional profiling of the gut microbiome revealed that geranylgeraniol supplementation caused an increase in the proportion of biosynthetic pathways related to purine, pyrimidine, and inosine-5’-phosphate and hexitol fermentation, and a decrease in the proportion of pathways involved in the biosynthesis of isoleucine, valine, histidine, arginine, and chorismate. The G + T group increased pathways related to thiamine diphosphate biosynthesis, and decreased others involved into sulfur oxidation and methylerythritol phosphate. Conclusions The influence of geranylgeraniol and tocotrienols supplementation on gut microbiome composition and function, suggests a prebiotic potential for the potential of geranylgeraniol and tocotrienols. Funding Sources American River Nutrition, LLC, Hadley, MA.

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Microbiota Profile with Stunting Children in West Sumatera Province, Indonesia

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2020.4209 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (E) ◽

pp. 334-340

Author(s):

Masrul Masrul ◽

Doddy Izwardy ◽

Ikhwan Resmala Sudji ◽

Idral Purnakarya ◽

Syahrial Syahrial ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Bioinformatic Analysis ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Bacterial Dna ◽

West Sumatra ◽

Dominant Bacteria ◽

Microbial Dna ◽

Bacterial Dna Extraction

BACKGROUND: Microbiota profile plays an important role in the growth of children. Recently, a number of microbiota profile studies have illustrated association with child stunting. AIM: Here, this study applied microbiota profile for stunting children in Indonesia to know a framework for future activities toward further characterization of microbiota profile contribution to stunting. METHODS: In this case–control study, we collected 96 samples with 48 stunting children and 48 non-stunting children in Pasaman and West Pasaman district as stunting locus areas in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. All study subjects met the inclusion criteria: Children ≤3 years of age and they did not suffer from gastrointestinal disorders. Samples collected were then carried out by intestinal bacterial DNA extraction. All sequences were obtained from the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, which was amplified from microbial DNA extracted from a child fecal sample. Bioinformatic analysis of microbiota DNA sequencing results compared with the intestinal microbiota profile of infants. RESULTS: This study found in intestinal of stunting children identified 61 species of bacteria which were only found in the intestines of stunting children and not found in non-stunting children. The dominant bacteria in intestinal microbiota profile of Pasaman and West Pasaman district, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia, among stunting children were Firmicutes (47.52%), Proteobacteria (21.12%), and Bacteroidetes (16.15%). The high number of these microbiota associated with high amount of carbohydrate intake among stunting children than dietary protein. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the role of microbiota profile in the incidence of stunting children.

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Effect of Dietary Tryptophan on Growth, Intestinal Microbiota, and Intestinal Gene Expression in an Improved Triploid Crucian Carp

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.676035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Yawei Fu ◽

Xiaoxiao Liang ◽

Donghua Li ◽

Hu Gao ◽

Yadong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Crucian Carp ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Intestinal Flora ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Ampk Signaling

Tryptophan (Trp) has received increasing attention in the maintenance of intestinal function. In this study, improved triploid crucian carp (ITCC) fed diets containing 6.35 g kg−1 Trp had higher average daily gain (ADG) and improved villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) in the intestine compared to the control group. To elucidate the potential mechanisms, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate changes in the intestinal transcriptome and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to measure the intestinal microbiota in response to 6.35 g kg−1 Trp feeding in ITCC. Dietary Trp altered intestinal gene expression involved in nutrient transport and metabolism. Differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were highly enriched in key pathways containing protein digestion and absorption and the AMPK signaling pathway. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that 6.35 g kg−1 Trp significantly increased the abundance of the genus Cetobacterium, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level (P < 0.05). In addition, bacterial richness indices (Simpson index) significantly increased (P < 0.05) community evenness in response to 6.35 g kg−1 Trp. In conclusion, appropriate dietary Trp improves the growth performance, and influences the intestinal flora of ITCC. This study might be helpful to guide the supply of dietary exogenous Trp in ITCC breeding.

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Effect of dietary folate level on organ weight, digesta pH, short-chain fatty acid concentration, and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lei Wang ◽

Lijun Zou ◽

Jianzhong Li ◽

Huansheng Yang ◽

Yulong Yin

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Organ Weight ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Short Chain ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Folate Supplementation ◽

Stomach Ph

Abstract Folate is increasingly thought to promote gastrointestinal health and regulate the diversity of gut microbiota to alleviate weaning stress in piglets. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of folate on organ weight, digesta pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration, and intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 28 piglets (6.73 ± 0.62 kg) were allocated to four dietary treatments consisting of a control group, 3, 9, and 18 mg/kg of folate supplementation in a 14-d feeding trial. The results showed that piglets fed with 9 and 18 mg/kg of folate supplementation had greater (P < 0.05) average liver and spleen weight than the control group. Folate supplementation (9 and 18 mg/kg) can significantly increase (P < 0.05) the stomach pH and tend (P < 0.10) to decrease the cecum pH. Folate treatment (9 and 18 mg/kg) had a positive effect on the metabolism of SCFAs in piglets, in particular, compared with the control group, and the content of acetic acid (AA) and valeric acid was markedly increased (P < 0.05) in the cecum and colon, respectively. Moreover, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid were tended (P < 0.10) to increase in the colon. Cecum contents samples were used to determine bacterial community diversity by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. At the genus level, in the cecum, there was a higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus mucosae in the 9 mg/kg folate supplementation group. The functional pathways analysis predicted that folate may modify nutrient metabolism by changing the gut microbiota function of weaned piglets. Furthermore, the data showed that Lactobacillus was positively correlated with AA in the cecum. Overall, these findings suggested that folate treatment could increase the organ weight and the stomach pH of weaned piglets and had beneficial effects on gut health, which might be attributed to the alteration in intestinal microbiota induced by folate and the interaction of the intestinal microbiota with SCFAs.

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Hypoglycemic Properties of Oxovanadium (IV) Coordination Compounds with Carboxymethyl-Carrageenan and Carboxymethyl-Chitosan in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2011/691067 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hongyu Zhang ◽

Yuetao Yi ◽

Dawei Feng ◽

Yipeng Wang ◽

Song Qin

Keyword(s):

Dose Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽

High Dose Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

High Dose ◽

Intragastric Administration ◽

Diabetic Mice ◽

Model Control

In order to avoid low absorption, incorporation, and undesirable side effects of inorganic oxovanadium compounds, the antidiabetic activities of organic oxovanadium (IV) compounds in alloxan-induced diabetic mice were investigated. Vanadyl carboxymethyl carrageenan (VOCCA) and vanadyl carboxymethyl chitosan (VOCCH) were synthesized and administrated through intragastric administration in different doses for 20 days in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Glibenclamide was administrated as the positive control. Our results showed that low-dose group, middle-dose group, and high-dose group of VOCCA and VOCCH could significantly reduce the levels of blood glucose (P<0.05) compared with untreated group, but not in normal mice. Besides, high-dose groups of VOCCA and VOCCH exhibited more significant hypoglycemic activities (P<0.01). After treated with VOCCH, the oral glucose tolerance of high-dose group of VOCCH was improved compared with model control group (P<0.05).

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Exploration of the Characteristics of Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolomics in Different Rat Models of Mongolian Medicine

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/5532069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Riao Dao ◽

Dongxing Wu ◽

Huan Wang ◽

Habur Jin ◽

Li Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Biosynthesis Pathway ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Rat Models ◽

Metabolism Pathway ◽

Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Background. Mongolian medicine is a systematic theoretical system, which is based on the balance among Heyi, Xila, and Badagan. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in different rat models of Mongolian medicine. Methods. After establishing rat models of Heyi, Xila, and Badagan, we integrated 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics. Results. Heyi, Xila, and Badagan rats had significantly altered intestinal microbial composition compared with rats in the MCK group. They showed 11, 18, and 8 significantly differential bacterial biomarkers and 22, 11, and 15 differential metabolites, respectively. The glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway was enriched only in Heyi rats; the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids pathway and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were enriched only in Xila rats; the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway, the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathway, and the arginine and proline metabolism pathway were enriched only in Badagan rats. Conclusions. The intestinal microbiota, metabolites, and metabolic pathways significantly differed among Heyi, Xila, and Badagan rats compared with control group rats.

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The Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota Profile and Immune Response in Epinephelus coioides during Pathogen Infection

Life ◽

10.3390/life11020099 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 99

Author(s):

Joan Tang Xiao Joe ◽

Yung-Che Tseng ◽

Jen-Leih Wu ◽

Ming-Wei Lu

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Economic Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Nervous Necrosis Virus ◽

Epinephelus Coioides ◽

Pathogen Infection ◽

Related Factors ◽

Bacterial Phyla

Epinephelus coioides, or grouper, is a high economic value fish species that plays an important role in the aquaculture industry in Asia. However, both viral and bacterial diseases have threatened grouper for many years, especially nervous necrosis virus, grouper iridovirus and Vibrio harveyi, which have caused a bottleneck in the grouper industry. Currently, intestinal microbiota can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis-related factors involved in pathogen infection. Hence, we investigated the comparison of intestinal microbiota communities in control group and pathogen-infected grouper through high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results showed that microbial diversity was decreased, whereas microbial richness was increased during pathogen infection. The individuals in each group were distributed distinctly on the PLSDA diagram, especially the GIV group. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phyla in all groups. Interestingly, beneficial genera, Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium, predominated in the intestines of the control group. In contrast, the intestines of pathogen-infected grouper had higher levels of harmful genera such as Sphingomonas, Atopostipes, Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter. Additionally, we investigated the expression levels of innate and adaptive immune-related genes after viral and bacterial infection. The results revealed that immunoglobulin T and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the intestine increased after pathogen infection. Through these unique bacterial compositions in diseased and uninfected fish, we could establish a novel therapeutic approach and bacterial marker for preventing and controlling these diseases.

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Two Isomers of Ginger Root Extracts Modify Composition and Function of Gut Microbiota in Rats Treated with Neuropathic Pain

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa045_027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 394-394

Author(s):

Moamen Elmassry ◽

Rui Wang ◽

Abdul Hamood ◽

Volker Neugebauer ◽

Chwan-Li Shen

Keyword(s):

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Control Group ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Root Extract ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

And Function

Abstract Objectives Emerging evidence has suggested that gut microbiota plays a key role during the development of chronic pain, such as neuropathic pain (NP). This study was to evaluate the effects of two ginger root extract isomers (gingerols and shogaols) on the composition and function of gut microbiota in animals with NP. Methods Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups: sham group, spinal nerve ligation (SNL) group as the pain control group, SNL + gingerols-enriched ginger (GEG) extract group, and SNL + shogaols-enriched ginger (SEG) extract group. Animals in GEG and SEG groups were fed their respective diets on the day of SNL surgery for 30 days. At day 30, fecal samples were collected for microbiota composition and functional analyses. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted from fecal samples and microbiome data analysis was performed with QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. Data were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test to compare GEG and SEG with SNL group. Results Based on the results of alpha-diversity analyses, neither GEG nor SEG treatment affected the evenness of microbiome. Gingerols or shogaols supplementation into the diet reduced the richness of the gut microbiome, compared to the SNL group. Relative to the SNL group, GEG group had an increase in the relative abundance of the genus Faecalitalea, while SEG group had an increase in the relative abundance of the genus Aerococcus and species Bacteroides massiliensis. In comparison to SNL group, both GEG and SEG groups showed a decrease in the relative abundance of the family Muribaculaceae and the genus Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group. Functional profiling results revealed that relative to the SNL group, both GEG and SEG supplementation increased the proportion of biosynthetic pathways related to energy metabolism (i.e., pentose phosphate pathway and sugar degradation) and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Furthermore, GEG and SEG differentially modified amino acid-related metabolic pathways, i.e., tyrosine degradation, tryptophan biosynthesis, arginine, and ornithine biosynthesis. Conclusions GEG and SEG exhibited differential effects on the microbiome composition and function, suggesting a prebiotic potential for dietary ginger root intake in the management of NP. Funding Sources Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.

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