Developmental Change of Yolk Microbiota and Its Role on Early Colonization of Intestinal Microbiota in Chicken Embryo

Although the fertilized eggs were found to contain microbes in early studies, the detailed composition of yolk microbiota and its influence on embryo intestinal microbiota have not been satisfactorily examined yet. In this study, the yolk microbiota was explored by using 16s rRNA sequencing at different developmental stages of the broiler embryo. The results showed that the relative abundance of yolk microbiota was barely changed during embryogenesis. According to the KEGG analysis, the yolk microbiota were functionally related to amino acid, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolisms during chicken embryogenesis. The yolk microbiota influences the embryonic intestinal microbiota through increasing the colonization of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in the intestine, particularly. The intestinal microbes of neonatal chicks showed higher proportions of Faecalibacterium, Blautia, Coprococcus, Dorea, and Roseburia compared to the embryonic intestinal microbiota. Our findings might give a better understanding of the composition and developmental change of yolk microbiota and its roles in shaping the intestinal microbiota.

Anion Adsorption onto Clay Mineral Surfaces using Radioisotope Techniques

<p>Any reaction that occurs between two substances will depend initially on the reaction, or lack of reaction, of the various atoms or molecules that are on the surface of the substances being brought into contact with each other. When reactions involving substances of very small particle size are investigated the actual detailed composition of the surface layer of these particles become of paramount importance.</p>

Anion Adsorption onto Clay Mineral Surfaces using Radioisotope Techniques

<p>Any reaction that occurs between two substances will depend initially on the reaction, or lack of reaction, of the various atoms or molecules that are on the surface of the substances being brought into contact with each other. When reactions involving substances of very small particle size are investigated the actual detailed composition of the surface layer of these particles become of paramount importance.</p>

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Solvation NanoStructure in Carbonate-Based Electrolyte of Lithium–Sulfur Battery

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are widely regarded as the most promising batteries for the future due to their higher specific capacity and lower prices. Various strategies are utilized to alleviate the shortcomings of Li–S batteries failing to reach theoretical capacity. However, basic research at the molecular level continues to be lacking. Therefore, we use molecular dynamics to study the details of the solvated structure of Li–S batteries electrolyte and the nature of the transport process, revealing the relationship between the solvated structure of the electrolyte of LiPF6 and the organic solvent ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC). The electrolyte of Li2S4 was first simulated in a pure solvent environment. Then the LiPF6 salt was added to the model to simulate a typical electrolyte for a working Li–S battery. Regarding the rationality of the solvent system, various reference systems such as density, dielectric constant, viscosity and diffusion coefficient of the solvent were used for verification. And the detailed composition of the first solvation shell of the polysulfate ion and the coordination number of the ions are discussed. These results provide new insights into the use of EC/DMC electrolytes in Li–S batteries, while at the same time providing a basis for efficient future predictions of electrolyte structure and transport in complex electrode confinements.

A Red-Berry Mixture as a Nutraceutical: Detailed Composition and Neuronal Protective Effect

Recommendations towards increased consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables are well supported by epidemiological and clinical trials. However, in some specific cases, it is difficult to follow these recommendations and the use of nutraceuticals or, in the present work, a freeze-dried fruits mixture can be recommended in order to afford the optimal consumption of dietary polyphenols naturally present in fruits and vegetables. In this work we have carefully characterized a red-berry mixture in terms of polyphenol composition, encountering mainly anthocyanins, which account for a total of 2.8 mg/g as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents. Additionally, we have assayed the red-berry blend in a cell model of neurological damage by differentiating the cells and measuring the effect of red-berry polyphenols on cell viability and redox state by flow cytometry. The berry-fruit extract showed an inhibitory effect on differentiated SH-SY5Y ROS formation at a concentration as low as 250 µg/mL (33% inhibition). The results show the potential of this berry-fruit blend for its nutraceutical use in the prevention of the neurodegeneration associated with age or environmental agents.

Applying the Tri-Guna Model to Screen for PTSD Susceptibility

The Indian subcontinent has a vast history of endeavouring to understand and interpret human psychology. How one may act in certain situations and why they behave a particular way are some of the many questions the tri-guna model hopes to answer. The model contains a unique framework which has the potential for application within the sphere of mental health. The model will be discussed from variables of wellbeing, specifically, cognition, social and emotion. Through discussion of the models unique qualitative approach to personality and wellbeing, data from existing literature in regards to wellbeing and PTSD will be compared to the model to identify correlation and consider practical application, such as a possible screening tool for individuals expected to face traumatic situations. This analysis has identified protective features of cognition (good memory, processing thoughts and tolerating stressors), social (positive social interactions and relationships) and emotional stability that correspond to descriptions of traits under sattva. Contrary presentations of the reviewed variables that may increase PTSD likelihood relate to both tamas and rajas descriptions respectively. Through the tri-guna model, we can produce a thorough picture as to what personality traits and wellbeing variables are associated with a person and in doing so, we can formally produce their guna composition. Once the dominating gunas are known, we can estimate their susceptibility to PTSD. The more variables of wellbeing in the tri-guna model that are assessed, then a more detailed composition can be produced. An avenue of screening could be a standardised PTSD tailored tri-guna questionnaire that would be based on the variables of cognition, emotion, motivation, social, physical, living conditions and behaviour. The use of multiple choice answers could be selected that resonate as sattvic, rajasic or tamasic. After identification of at risk individuals, the next phase would be intervention. This could be achieved through activities and recommendations that enhance wellbeing, emphasising sattvic qualities which has been explored in other literature.

A New Look at the Enterobacterial Common Antigen Forms Obtained during Rough Lipopolysaccharides Purification

Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is a conserved antigen expressed by enterobacteria. It is built by trisaccharide repeating units: →3)-α-D-Fucp4NAc-(1→4)-β-D-ManpNAcA-(1→4)-α-D-GlcpNAc-(1→ and occurs in three forms: as surface-bound linear polysaccharides linked to a phosphoglyceride (ECAPG) or lipopolysaccharide − endotoxin (ECALPS), and cyclic form (ECACYC). ECA maintains, outer membrane integrity, immunogenicity, and viability of enterobacteria. A supernatant obtained after LPS ultracentrifugation was reported as a source for ECA isolation, but it has never been assessed for detailed composition besides ECACYC. We used mild acid hydrolysis and gel filtration, or zwitterionic-hydrophilic interaction liquid (ZIC®HILIC) chromatography combined with mass spectrometry for purification, fractionation, and structural analysis of rough Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli R1 and K12 crude LPS preparations. Presented work is the first report concerning complex characteristic of all ECA forms present in LPS-derived supernatants. We demonstrated high heterogeneity of the supernatant-derived ECA that contaminate LPS purified by ultracentrifugation. Not only previously reported O-acetylated tetrameric, pentameric, and hexameric ECACYC have been identified, but also devoid of lipid moiety linear ECA built from 7 to 11 repeating units. Described results were common for all selected strains. The origin of linear ECA is discussed against the current knowledge about ECAPG and ECALPS.

The use of elder marc in the food industry

The article describes the varieties of elderberry, and the process of black elderberry fruits ripening. External characteristics of flowers, followed by ripening of fruits, have been described. The main components useful for the human body have been identified, which are contained in the fruits of the black elderberry. The effect of elderberry fruits on the human body when used for medicinal purposes has been. Elderberry fruits have a coloring substance that must be added to confectionery creams, sweets, marshmallows, as well as to liqueurs and wine products to give the products color and nutmeg taste. Elderberry fruits can be eaten fresh, ripe, but the most delicious and more useful fruits are provided in processed form, especially in juice and dried form. The useful properties of elderberry have been described, as well as the dangerous properties that appear in case of eating unripe elderberry fruits growing in the Republic of Belarus. The detailed composition of the components of elderberry fruit has been considered, all its useful properties noted. Particular attention is paid to the chemical composition of elderberry fruit, detailed amino acid composition of elderberry fruit has been given, and the composition of anthocyanin content in juice of direct extraction from elderberry fruit has been shown. The use of elderberry pomace in the food industry for the preparation of jam, jams, confiture, preserves and other products, as well as adding to wine, alcoholic beverages, to impart nutmeg taste, in the confectionery industry to add to dough and giving the product an almond smell has been described. It is especially noted that the pomace from elderberries contains biological active substances, bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, which confirms their immediate importance and the need to use for the creation of many products for preventive and functional purposes in the food industry.