scholarly journals Significance of the Diversification of Wheat Species for the Assembly and Functioning of the Root-Associated Microbiome

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Gruet ◽  
Daniel Muller ◽  
Yvan Moënne-Loccoz
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Wheat Species ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
The World ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Microbe Interactions

Wheat, one of the major crops in the world, has had a complex history that includes genomic hybridizations between Triticum and Aegilops species and several domestication events, which resulted in various wild and domesticated species (especially Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum), many of them still existing today. The large body of information available on wheat-microbe interactions, however, was mostly obtained without considering the importance of wheat evolutionary history and its consequences for wheat microbial ecology. This review addresses our current understanding of the microbiome of wheat root and rhizosphere in light of the information available on pre- and post-domestication wheat history, including differences between wild and domesticated wheats, ancient and modern types of cultivars as well as individual cultivars within a given wheat species. This analysis highlighted two major trends. First, most data deal with the taxonomic diversity rather than the microbial functioning of root-associated wheat microbiota, with so far a bias toward bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi that will progressively attenuate thanks to the inclusion of markers encompassing other micro-eukaryotes and archaea. Second, the comparison of wheat genotypes has mostly focused on the comparison of T. aestivum cultivars, sometimes with little consideration for their particular genetic and physiological traits. It is expected that the development of current sequencing technologies will enable to revisit the diversity of the wheat microbiome. This will provide a renewed opportunity to better understand the significance of wheat evolutionary history, and also to obtain the baseline information needed to develop microbiome-based breeding strategies for sustainable wheat farming.

scholarly journals A new species of Ampulicomorpha Ashmead from Eocene French amber, with a list of fossil and extant Embolemidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of the world

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Cédric Chény ◽  
Elvis Guillam ◽  
André Nel ◽  
Vincent Perrichot
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Poor Group ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Eocene Amber

Embolemidae is a cosmopolitan but species-poor group of chrysidoid wasps with a scarce fossil record, despite a long evolutionary history since at least the Early Cretaceous. Here, the new species, Ampulicomorpha quesnoyensis sp. nov., is illustrated and described based on a single female found in Early Eocene amber of Oise (France). The new species is compared with the three other known fossil species of the genus, and a key to all fossil species of Ampulicomorpha is provided. This is the third European fossil species of Ampulicomorpha, which suggests that the genus was once well established in Western Europe while it is more widely distributed in the Eastern Palaearctic region today. A list of all fossil and extant Embolemidae of the world, as well as a map of their geographical distribution map, are provided.

scholarly journals Edible mycorrhizal fungi of the world: What is their role in forest sustainability, food security, biocultural conservation and climate change?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Pérez‐Moreno ◽  
Alexis Guerin‐Laguette ◽  
Andrea C. Rinaldi ◽  
Fuqiang Yu ◽  
Annemieke Verbeken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
The World ◽  
Biocultural Conservation

scholarly journals Macrosynteny analysis between Lentinula edodes and Lentinula novae-zelandiae reveals signals of domestication in Lentinula edodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Alan Smith
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Genomic Change ◽  
Diverse Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom ◽  
Genome Assemblies ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Chromosome Level

AbstractThe basidiomycete fungus Lentinula novae-zelandiae is endemic to New Zealand and is a sister taxon to Lentinula edodes, the second most cultivated mushroom in the world. To explore the biology of this organism, a high-quality chromosome level reference genome of L. novae-zelandiae was produced. Macrosyntenic comparisons between the genome assembly of L. novae-zelandiae, L. edodes and a set of three genome assemblies of diverse species from the Agaricomycota reveal a high degree of macrosyntenic restructuring within L. edodes consistent with signal of domestication. These results show L. edodes has undergone significant genomic change during the course of its evolutionary history, likely a result of its cultivation and domestication over the last 1000 years.

Deciphering the Chitin Code in Plant Symbiosis, Defense, and Microbial Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-607
Author(s):  
Devanshi Khokhani ◽  
Cristobal Carrera Carriel ◽  
Shivangi Vayla ◽  
Thomas B. Irving ◽  
Christina Stonoha-Arther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Structural Polymer

Chitin is a structural polymer in many eukaryotes. Many organisms can degrade chitin to defend against chitinous pathogens or use chitin oligomers as food. Beneficial microorganisms like nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi produce chitin-based signal molecules called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short chitin oligomers to initiate a symbiotic relationship with their compatible hosts and exchange nutrients. A recent study revealed that a broad range of fungi produce LCOs and chitooligosaccharides (COs), suggesting that these signaling molecules are not limited to beneficial microbes. The fungal LCOs also affect fungal growth and development, indicating that the roles of LCOs beyond symbiosis and LCO production may predate mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review describes the diverse structures of chitin; their perception by eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and their roles in symbiotic interactions, defense, and microbe-microbe interactions. We also discuss potential strategies of fungi to synthesize LCOs and their roles in fungi with different lifestyles.

scholarly journals Agricultural intensification reduces microbial network complexity and the abundance of keystone taxa in roots

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samiran Banerjee ◽  
Florian Walder ◽  
Lucie Büchi ◽  
Marcel Meyer ◽  
Alain Y. Held ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Wheat Root ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Root Microbiota

AbstractRoot-associated microbes play a key role in plant performance and productivity, making them important players in agroecosystems. So far, very few studies have assessed the impact of different farming systems on the root microbiota and it is still unclear whether agricultural intensification influences network complexity of microbial communities. We investigated the impact of conventional, no-till and organic farming on wheat root fungal communities usingPacBio SMRT sequencingon samples collected from 60 farmlands in Switzerland. Organic farming harboured a much more complex fungal network than conventional and no-till farming systems. The abundance of keystone taxa was the highest under organic farming where agricultural intensification was the lowest. The occurrence of keystone taxa was best explained by soil phosphorus levels, bulk density, pH and mycorrhizal colonization. The majority of keystone taxa are known to form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with plants and belong to the ordersGlomerales,Paraglomerales, andDiversisporales. Supporting this, the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi in roots and soils was also significantly higher under organic farming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report mycorrhizal keystone taxa for agroecosystems, and we demonstrate that agricultural intensification reduces network complexity and the abundance of keystone taxa in the root microbiota.

scholarly journals Genome sequencing in plants and the genus Panax L.

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lê Thị Thu Hiền ◽  
Hugo De Boer ◽  
Vincent Manzanilla ◽  
Hà Văn Huân ◽  
Nông Văn Hải
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Related Genome ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Herbal Plants

Advances in genome sequencing technologies have created a new genomic era of life sciences research worldwide in which a number of modern and sophisticated techniques and tools have been developed and employed. Many countries have invested in plant genome sequencing as part of a sustainable development strategy. Each year, the number of plant genomes and transcriptomes sequenced has increased. The results obtained offer opportunities for fundamental and applied research, provide valuable data for identification of genes or molecular markers linked to traits that are important for selection, cultivation, and/or production. In Vietnam, partial or complete genome sequencing of crops has been recently conducted, primarily as part of international collaborative projects. The genus Panax L. (Araliaceae family) is comprised of several species of commercial value with narrow distributions such as P. bipinnatifidus Seem., P. stipuleanatus H.T.Tsai & K.M.Feng, and Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. Despite their very important roles in traditional medicine, understanding of their genetic characteristics is still limited. Molecular studies on the genus have, so far, only evaluated limited markers for phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, genome sequencing of these important herbal plants is needed to understand their genetic characteristics, their evolutionary history and the genes and biochemical pathways contributing to medicinally important metabolites. This review summarizes all related genome sequencing technologies including the most recent advances in the last decade and their applications in genome and transcriptome sequencing of plants in general and in the genus Panax L. in particular.

Divided Kingdom, 561: Gamification of the Early Middle ages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Cronkite
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Game Design ◽  
Undergraduate Research ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Game Context

Gamification has been a growing trend as a tool for pedagogical use. Incorporating game-design elements into a non-game context not only has the potential to amplify student motivation and interaction, but allows for the exploration of a new way to learn, teach, and understand history. Gregory of Tours’ Historia Francorum provides us with an interesting viewpoint into the world of 6th century Frankish Gaul. Understanding the motivations behind the characters in Gregory’s work and their relationship with the religious and political atmosphere of the 6th century can be difficult for modern readers. My project uses elements of role-playing to better engage students in interacting with the text. Students inhabit the role of a historical character from Historia Francorum and play out a narrative ‘campaign’ of multiple sessions as that character. Through research and primary source reading they will develop an understanding for their character, the world they inhabit, and their role within that society. Students engage with other students, prepare and give speeches, all in their prescribed roles. This, along with continual feedback on their actions given by the instructor, will cultivate a unique and more engaging learning atmosphere for students. My goal for this undergraduate research project is to develop an alternative approach to understanding the dynamics of early medieval Frankish society. By turning Gregory’s work into an inhabitable space, the large body of text becomes approachable and engaging to students. The final phase of the project which is underway, is testing it in a third year undergraduate history course.

Alcohol and Humans

2019 ◽  
pp. 196-206
Author(s):  
Kimberley J. Hockings ◽  
Robin I.M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Humans and alcohol have shared a very long history. In this final chapter, we highlight some of the key findings that emerge from the chapters in this book, in particular the evolutionary history of our adaptation to alcohol consumption and the social role that alcohol consumption plays, and has played, in human societies across the world. This raises a major contradiction in the literature, namely the fact that, despite this long history, the medical profession typically views alcohol as destructive. We draw attention to several avenues that would repay future research and how humans’ relationship with alcohol stands to change and evolve.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in Lean and Obese Humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengqin Wang ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Huixi Zou ◽  
Mingjiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

Obesity is intrinsically linked with the gut microbiome, and studies have identified several obesity-associated microbes. The microbe-microbe interactions can alter the composition of the microbial community and influence host health by producing secondary metabolites (SMs). However, the contribution of these SMs in the prevention and treatment of obesity has been largely ignored. We identified several SM-encoding biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) from the metagenomic data of lean and obese individuals and found significant association between some BGCs, including those that produce hitherto unknown SM, and obesity. In addition, the mean abundance of BGCs was positively correlated with obesity, consistent with the lower taxonomic diversity in the gut microbiota of obese individuals. By comparing the BGCs of known SM between obese and nonobese samples, we found that menaquinone produced by Enterobacter cloacae showed the highest correlation with BMI, in agreement with a recent study on human adipose tissue composition. Furthermore, an obesity-related nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) was negatively associated with Bacteroidetes, indicating that the SMs produced by intestinal microbes in obese individuals can change the microbiome structure. This is the first systemic study of the association between gut microbiome BGCs and obesity and provides new insights into the causes of obesity.

scholarly journals Haustorium Formation in Medicago truncatula Roots Infected by Phytophthora palmivora Does Not Involve the Common Endosymbiotic Program Shared by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1271-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rik Huisman ◽  
Klaas Bouwmeester ◽  
Marijke Brattinga ◽  
Francine Govers ◽  
Ton Bisseling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Mutualistic Symbiosis ◽  
Membrane Compartment ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Genes

In biotrophic plant-microbe interactions, microbes infect living plant cells, in which they are hosted in a novel membrane compartment, the host-microbe interface. To create a host-microbe interface, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia make use of the same endosymbiotic program. It is a long-standing hypothesis that pathogens make use of plant proteins that are dedicated to mutualistic symbiosis to infect plants and form haustoria. In this report, we developed a Phytophthora palmivora pathosystem to study haustorium formation in Medicago truncatula roots. We show that P. palmivora does not require host genes that are essential for symbiotic infection and host-microbe interface formation to infect Medicago roots and form haustoria. Based on these findings, we conclude that P. palmivora does not hijack the ancient intracellular accommodation program used by symbiotic microbes to form a biotrophic host-microbe interface.

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