scholarly journals Dopamine Circuit Mechanisms of Addiction-Like Behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carli L. Poisson ◽  
Liv Engel ◽  
Benjamin T. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Striatal Dopamine ◽  
Positive Symptom ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Model Features ◽  
Insight Into

Addiction is a complex disease that impacts millions of people around the world. Clinically, addiction is formalized as substance use disorder (SUD), with three primary symptom categories: exaggerated substance use, social or lifestyle impairment, and risky substance use. Considerable efforts have been made to model features of these criteria in non-human animal research subjects, for insight into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Here we review evidence from rodent models of SUD-inspired criteria, focusing on the role of the striatal dopamine system. We identify distinct mesostriatal and nigrostriatal dopamine circuit functions in behavioral outcomes that are relevant to addictions and SUDs. This work suggests that striatal dopamine is essential for not only positive symptom features of SUDs, such as elevated intake and craving, but also for impairments in decision making that underlie compulsive behavior, reduced sociality, and risk taking. Understanding the functional heterogeneity of the dopamine system and related networks can offer insight into this complex symptomatology and may lead to more targeted treatments.

scholarly journals Bayesian reassessment of the epigenetic architecture of complex traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Trejo Banos ◽  
Daniel L. McCartney ◽  
Marion Patxot ◽  
Lucas Anchieri ◽  
Thomas Battram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Target Identification ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Methylation Array ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Probability Prediction ◽  
Stimuli Response ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Linking epigenetic marks to clinical outcomes improves insight into molecular processes, disease prediction, and therapeutic target identification. Here, a statistical approach is presented to infer the epigenetic architecture of complex disease, determine the variation captured by epigenetic effects, and estimate phenotype-epigenetic probe associations jointly. Implicitly adjusting for probe correlations, data structure (cell-count or relatedness), and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker effects, improves association estimates and in 9,448 individuals, 75.7% (95% CI 71.70–79.3) of body mass index (BMI) variation and 45.6% (95% CI 37.3–51.9) of cigarette consumption variation was captured by whole blood methylation array data. Pathway-linked probes of blood cholesterol, lipid transport and sterol metabolism for BMI, and xenobiotic stimuli response for smoking, showed >1.5 times larger associations with >95% posterior inclusion probability. Prediction accuracy improved by 28.7% for BMI and 10.2% for smoking over a LASSO model, with age-, and tissue-specificity, implying associations are a phenotypic consequence rather than causal.

scholarly journals Effects of lowered serotonin transmission on cocaine-induced striatal dopamine response: PET [11C]raclopride study in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia M. L. Cox ◽  
Chawki Benkelfat ◽  
Alain Dagher ◽  
J. Scott Delaney ◽  
France Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Striatal Dopamine ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Acute Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Drug Craving ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Wide Range

BackgroundLow serotonin transmission is thought to increase susceptibility to a wide range of substance use disorders and impulsive traits.AimsTo investigate the effects of lowered serotonin on cocaine-induced (1.0 mg/kg cocaine, self-administered intranasally) dopamine responses and drug craving.MethodIn non-dependent cocaine users, serotonin transmission was reduced using the acute tryptophan depletion method. Striatal dopamine responses were measured using positron emission tomography with [11C]raclopride.ResultsAcute tryptophan depletion increased drug craving and striatal dopamine responses to cocaine. These acute tryptophan depletion-induced increases did not occur in the absence of cocaine.ConclusionsThe results suggest that low serotonin transmission can increase dopaminergic and appetitive responses to cocaine. These findings might identify a mechanism by which individuals with low serotonin are at elevated risk for both substance use disorders and comorbid conditions.

scholarly journals Probing the striatal dopamine system for a putative neuroprotective effect of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Pal ◽  
Bichun Ouyang ◽  
Leo Verhagen ◽  
Geidy Serrano ◽  
Holly A. Shill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Striatal Dopamine ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Deep Brain

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXT MELALUI PEMANFAATAN HANDPHONE DI SMP NEGERI 1 GEDANGAN SIDOARJO

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sholeh
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Planning Action ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Year 2013

The background issue of this study is the lack of understanding in procedure form writing grade IX E SMP Negeri 1 Gedangan Sidoarjo. Teachers are less accurate in choosing the learning strategies, consequently the ability of students to understand the material can’t be optimally achieved. The purpose of this study to enhance the ability of students in procedure form writing using handphone. The study was conducted in two cycles, with each cycle begins with planning, action, observation, and reflection. Research subjects are 32 students of grade VII H SMP Negeri 1 Gedangan Sidoarjo od semester year 2013-2014. Data in this study be obtained from the evaluation process of students in activities and evaluation at the end of the cycle. The data is then analyzed to gain insight into the applicability of learning that has been successfully done.The results showed that there is an increase in the ability of students to understand procedure form writing grade VII H SMP Negeri 1 Gedangan Sidoarjo, used handphone in first cycle, and handphone interactive in second cycle. AbstrakPenelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kurangnya pemahaman peserta didik dalam materi menulis teks fungsional pendek di kelas IX E SMP Negeri 1 Gedangan Sidoarjo. Hal ini disebabkan guru kurang tepat dalam memilih media pembelajaran yang digunakan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan peserta didik menulis teks fungsional pendek menggunakan handphone. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan dua siklus, di mana setiap siklus diawali dengan perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Subyek penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas IX E SMP Negeri 1 Gedangan Sidoarjo tahun pelajaran 2013-2014 semester ganjil dengan jumlah peserta didik 32 orang. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa penilaian proses yang diperoleh dari peserta didik dalam beraktivitas dan penilaian pada akhir siklus. Kemudian, data dianalisis untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang berhasil tidaknya pembelajaran yang telah dilakukan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan kemampuan peserta didik menulis teks fungsional pendek setelah belajar menggunakan handphone tanpa hyperlink pada siklus pertama dan handphone dengan hyperlink pada siklus kedua. Indikasi peningkatan prestasi didasarkan pada perolehan nilai pada siklus pertama dan siklus kedua.

The advertising communication effectiveness of using netizen language code-switching in Facebook ads

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Feng Kuo ◽  
Jian-Ren Hou ◽  
Yun-Hsi Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Code Switching ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Communication Effectiveness ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Facebook Advertising ◽  
Advertising Communication ◽  
Content Design ◽  
Insight Into

PurposeNetizens refer to citizens of the internet, and code-switching refers to the use of more than one language, style or form of expression to communicate. This study explores the advertising communication effectiveness of using netizen language code-switching in Facebook ads. Moreover, if a brand is with negative brand images, using positive brand images as a control group, this study investigates not only the advertising communication effectiveness of netizen language code-switching but also its effectiveness of remedying the negative brand images.Design/methodology/approachOnline experiments were conducted, and data were analyzed using independent sample t-test, MANOVA and ANOVA.FindingsThe results indicate that netizen language code-switching can enhance advertising communication effectiveness in Facebook ads. Furthermore, under a negative brand image, netizen language code-switching has significant effects on improving Facebook advertising communication effectiveness.Originality/valueThis study takes netizens as the research subjects to explore the advertising communication effectiveness of netizen language code-switching in Facebook ads. This study provides further insight into the effect of netizens' culture on Facebook advertising and enriches the existing literature on social media advertising, as well as expanding the application of code-switching. The results of this study provide enterprises a new perspective on the copywriting content design of Facebook ads.

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