scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of Graph-Theoretic Indices to Study EEG-TMS Connectivity in Patients With Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Olejarczyk ◽  
Adam Jozwik ◽  
Vladas Valiulis ◽  
Kastytis Dapsys ◽  
Giedrius Gerulskis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Repetitive Tms ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
Leave One Out ◽  
The Impact

AimThe objective of this work was to demonstrate the usefulness of a novel statistical method to study the impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on brain connectivity in patients with depression using different stimulation protocols, i.e., 1 Hz repetitive TMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (protocol G1), 10 Hz repetitive TMS over the left DLPFC (G2), and intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) consisting of three 50 Hz burst bundle repeated at 5 Hz frequency (G3).MethodsElectroencephalography (EEG) connectivity analysis was performed using Directed Transfer Function (DTF) and a set of 21 indices based on graph theory. The statistical analysis of graph-theoretic indices consisted of a combination of the k-NN rule, the leave-one-out method, and a statistical test using a 2 × 2 contingency table.ResultsOur new statistical approach allowed for selection of the best set of graph-based indices derived from DTF, and for differentiation between conditions (i.e., before and after TMS) and between TMS protocols. The effects of TMS was found to differ based on frequency band.ConclusionA set of four brain asymmetry measures were particularly useful to study protocol- and frequency-dependent effects of TMS on brain connectivity.SignificanceThe new approach would allow for better evaluation of the therapeutic effects of TMS and choice of the most appropriate stimulation protocol.

An initial investigation into the effects of the equine transeva technique (pulsating current electrotherapy) on the equine Gluteus superficialis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
H. Knaggs ◽  
G. Tabor ◽  
J.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Pretreatment Condition ◽  
Negative Change ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Athletic Horse ◽  
Pulsating Current ◽  
Larger Sample

The equine transeva technique (ETT), is a novel electrotherapy, which utilises pulsating current electrotherapy to target sensory and motor neurons. The technique may facilitate increased circulation and correction of musculoskeletal issues and injuries, such as tendon and ligament tears and muscle atrophy. Despite the importance of understanding the impact of ETT on horses, no current scientific research exists in this area. This preliminary study investigated the effects of ETT on the musculoskeletal system of the horse, specifically within the Gluteus superficialis (GS). Using surface electromyography, muscle workload was measured in 11 sound and healthy horses of varying breeds and disciplines within the inclusion criteria. Integrated electromyography (iEMG) calculated the percentage change in maximal contractions before and after ETT treatment during one minute trials at 30 s intervals. An ANCOVA determined if these constituted significant changes (Bonferroni adjusted alpha: P≤0.02). Significant differences in muscle workload were found on the left side between pre- and post-treatment readings across trials (P≤0.02), however no significant changes occurred for the right side. The majority of horses (82%; n=9) experienced bilateral changes, with 78% of these (n=7) exhibiting a negative change in muscle workload recorded from the pretreatment condition, which may indicate muscular relaxation. The results suggest ETT may have some effect on muscle workload in the athletic horse, however further research is needed to confirm the effects observed. Future studies should include randomising the side which is treated first, a larger sample size, expansion of temporal variables and consideration of a longitudinal study to determine if these trends accrue over multiple maintenance-purposed treatments.

scholarly journals Mechanistic link between right prefrontal cortical activity and anxious arousal revealed using transcranial magnetic stimulation in healthy subjects

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Balderston ◽  
Emily M. Beydler ◽  
Camille Roberts ◽  
Zhi-De Deng ◽  
Thomas Radman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right

AbstractMuch of the mechanistic research on anxiety focuses on subcortical structures such as the amygdala; however, less is known about the distributed cortical circuit that also contributes to anxiety expression. One way to learn about this circuit is to probe candidate regions using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In this study, we tested the involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), in anxiety expression using 10 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS). In a within-subject, crossover experiment, the study measured anxiety in healthy subjects before and after a session of 10 Hz rTMS to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). It used threat of predictable and unpredictable shock to induce anxiety and anxiety potentiated startle to assess anxiety. Counter to our hypotheses, results showed an increase in anxiety-potentiated startle following active but not sham rTMS. These results suggest a mechanistic link between right dlPFC activity and physiological anxiety expression. This result supports current models of prefrontal asymmetry in affect, and lays the groundwork for further exploration into the cortical mechanisms mediating anxiety, which may lead to novel anxiety treatments.

scholarly journals Creating Colored Letters: Familial Markers of Grapheme–Color Synesthesia in Parietal Lobe Activation and Structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1239-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olympia Colizoli ◽  
Jaap M. J. Murre ◽  
H. Steven Scholte ◽  
Romke Rouw
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Perception is inherently subjective, and individual differences in phenomenology are well illustrated by the phenomenon of synesthesia (highly specific, consistent, and automatic cross-modal experiences, in which the external stimulus corresponding to the additional sensation is absent). It is unknown why some people develop synesthesia and others do not. In the current study, we tested whether neural markers related to having synesthesia in the family were evident in brain function and structure. Relatives of synesthetes (who did not have any type of synesthesia themselves) and matched controls read specially prepared books with colored letters for several weeks and were scanned before and after reading using magnetic resonance imaging. Effects of acquired letter–color associations were evident in brain activation. Training-related activation (while viewing black letters) in the right angular gyrus of the parietal lobe was directly related to the strength of the learned letter–color associations (behavioral Stroop effect). Within this obtained angular gyrus ROI, the familial trait of synesthesia related to brain activation differences while participants viewed both black and colored letters. Finally, we compared brain structure using voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging to test for group differences and training effects. One cluster in the left superior parietal lobe had significantly more coherent white matter in the relatives compared with controls. No evidence for experience-dependent plasticity was obtained. For the first time, we present evidence suggesting that the (nonsynesthete) relatives of grapheme–color synesthetes show atypical grapheme processing as well as increased brain connectivity.

scholarly journals Effects of Foam Rolling Duration on Tissue Stiffness and Perfusion: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial

2021 ◽  
pp. 626-634
Author(s):  
Jan Schroeder ◽  
Jan Wilke ◽  
Karsten Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Minimal Detectable Change ◽  
Tissue Stiffness ◽  
Foam Rolling ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Despite its beneficial effects on flexibility and muscle soreness, there is still conflicting evidence regarding dose-response relationships and underlying mechanisms of foam rolling (FR). This study aimed to investigate the impact of different FR protocols on tissue perfusion and tissue stiffness. In a randomized crossover trial, two FR protocols (2x1 min, 2x3 min) were applied to the right anterior thigh of twenty healthy volunteers (11 females, 25 ± 4 years). Tissue perfusion (near infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) and stiffness (Tensiomyography, TMG and Myotonometry, MMT) were assessed before and after FR application. Variance analyses revealed a significant interaction of FR duration and tissue perfusion (F[1,19] = 7.098, p = 0.015). Local blood flow increased significantly from pre to post test (F[1,19] = 7.589, p = 0.013), being higher (Δ +9.7%) in the long-FR condition than in the short-FR condition (Δ +2.8%). Tissue stiffness (MMT) showed significant main effects for time (F[1,19] = 12.074, p = 0.003) and condition (F[1,19] = 7.165, p = 0.015) with decreases after short-FR (Δ -1.6%) and long-FR condition (Δ -1.9%). However, there was no time*dose-interaction (F[1,19] = 0.018, p = 0.895). No differences were found for TMG (p > 0.05). FR-induced changes failed to exceed the minimal detectable change threshold (MDC). Our data suggest that increased blood flow and altered tissue stiffness may mediate the effects of FR although statistical MDC thresholds were not achieved. Longer FR durations seem to be more beneficial for perfusion which is of interest for exercise professionals designing warm-up and cool-down regimes. Further research is needed to understand probable effects on parasympathetic outcomes representing systemic physiological responses to locally applied FR stimulations.

scholarly journals Methods for nonparametric statistics in scientific research. Overview. Part 1.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
M. A. Nikitina ◽  
I. M. Chernukna
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Testing Hypotheses ◽  
Statistical Homogeneity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Statistical Hypotheses ◽  
Distribution Type ◽  
The Right

Daily, researcher faces the need to compare two or more observation groups obtained under different conditions in order to confirm or argue against a scientific hypothesis. At this stage, it is necessary to choose the right method for statistical analysis. If the statistical prerequisites are not met, it is advisable to choose nonparametric analysis. Statistical analysis consists of two stages: estimating model parameters and testing statistical hypotheses. After that, the interpretation of the mathematical processing results in the context of the research object is mandatory. The article provides an overview of two groups of nonparametric tests: 1) to identify differences in indicator distribution; 2) to assess shift reliability in the values of the studied indicator. The first group includes: 1) Rosenbaum Q-test, which is used to assess the differences by the level of any quantified indicator between two unrelated samplings; 2) Mann-Whitney U-test, which is required to test the statistical homogeneity hypothesis of two unrelated samplings, i. e. to assess the differences by the level of any quantified indicator between two samplings. The second group includes sign G-test and Wilcoxon T-test intended to determine the shift reliability of the related samplings, for example, when measuring the indicator in the same group of subjects before and after some exposure. Examples are given; step-by-step application of each test is described. The first part of the article describes simple nonparametric methods. The second part describes nonparametric tests for testing hypotheses of distribution type (Pearson’s chi-squared test, Kolmogorov test) and nonparametric tests for testing hypotheses of sampling homogeneity (Pearson’s chi-squared test for testing sampling homogeneity, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test).

scholarly journals Control over the Human Body Before and After Death: The Civil Law Aspect

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-135
Author(s):  
L. Novoselova
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Living Will ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

In this article, an attempt is made to determine the legal status of the human body (organs and tissue) both while a person is alive and after a person dies. The article discusses the points of view of various authors in relation to the possibility of considering the human body, its organs and tissue, after their separation from the body, as objects of a person’s property rights, and also as an object of a person’s non-property rights. The article argues the impossibility of qualifying the human body and the organs that were not separated from it during life as parts – and perhaps critical parts – of the existence of the total human being, as objects of real (property) rights including the rights of the persons themselves. The human body as a single object is a personal non-property benefit. The organs and tissue separated from the body may be considered objects of real rights, but on several conditions: if they were indeed separated from the body and if the person gave permission for this in a will. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the separated organs and tissue of a human being are analyzed as things (possessions) with limited turnover. The specific characteristics of the legal status of the organs and tissue separated from the body as possessions in limited turnover are reviewed as well as the impact of personal non-property rights on this status. The main focus of the article is on the legal status of the human body and the organs separated from it after death in view of the fact that transplantology and postmortem organ donation are becoming more and more widespread. This issue is analyzed in terms of the body as a whole and as it applies to the organs and tissue that are not used for transplantation. The proposal is to base our analysis on the status of the human body after death which as a rule cannot be the object of property rights. The human body is disposed of within the framework of the protection of the personal non-property rights of the deceased, including the right of physical inviolability that covers the organs and tissue separated from the body. The article characterizes the legal nature of living wills when people give instructions as to the procedure of their burial and other means of handling their body, including donation of their bodies to science. The article examines the possibility of the right of ownership to organs and tissue separated from the body after death. This right can exist if a complex legal construct is present, including a direct or assumed living will of the person. The specific characteristics of living acts concerning the possibility of after-death organ and tissue harvesting for further use, including for transplantation purposes, and the differences between such acts and last wills are determined.

Selected health issues related to high altitude trekking

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-65
Author(s):  
Hanna Prószyńska-Bordas ◽  
Katarzyna Baranowska
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Heavy Equipment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Unbalanced Diet ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the paper was to investigate health aspects of high altitude trekking such as preparation for the physical exertion during trekking at high altitude, the impact of mountaineering on the daily life before and after the expedition, the effect of high-mountain conditions on health and well-being. It was found that in the pre-departure period trekkers commonly train to ensure that they are physically fit for the expedition. They train alone or under the supervision of a trainer. Self-prepared workouts may turn out to be insufficient due to the lack of appropriate training plans. The most challenging aspects of high altitude trekking for the body include carrying too heavy equipment, dealing with illegibly marked routes, wearing inappropriate clothing, having an unbalanced diet, not having enough water, which can lead to dehydration and infections. Misconduct by other people poses a risk. The specific type of effort involved in mountaineering requires balanced nutrition in terms of both micro- and macro-elements. To find the right combination, one has to either experiment or seek advice from a dietitian. However, relatively few people consult a nutrition coach. Among sanitary problems, the most serious one is inappropriate human waste disposal, the resulting lack of drinkable water. Some of the observed problems result from insufficient regulations regarding the conduct in the mountains and from trekkers’ lack of awareness regarding good practices in such extreme conditions.

The impact of IPARD supports on structural and managerial featuresof dairy enterprises in Afyonkarahisar province

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Yardimci ◽  
Hikmet Ari ◽  
Recep Aslan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Automatic Milking System ◽  
Automatic Milking ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Daily Milk

A survey was carried out to determine the impact of IPARD supports on dairy enterprises in Afyonkarahisar. IPADR beneficiary group found to have 3-5 years of experience, university graduate owners with no extra income where records are kept and statistical analysis is performed. Non-beneficiary group was more experienced with less educated owners, half had an extra income but did not keep records and not perform statistical analysis. In the first group, average daily milk yield was 25 liters, calves were weaned at 90 days, automatic milking system was used, hoof care was regularly performed, manure was removed by scrapers, teats were cleaned before and after milking while in the second group average daily milk yield is 10-30 liters, calves were weaned between 30-90 days, mobile milking machines were used, hoof care was slightly performed, manure was collected manually, teats were cleaned before milking. Consequently, IPARD grants were useful for improving the production quality, hygiene and amount in dairy enterprises.

When and How Much Did the Green Line LRT Increase Single-Family Housing Values in St. Paul, Minnesota?

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyu (Jason) Cao ◽  
Shengnan Lou
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Green Line ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Housing Values ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Housing Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Studies quantifying value added of transit often cannot differentiate whether the premiums are transit effects or location effects. Limited studies have examined the timing of value added. Using before and after data, this study explores the impact of the Green Line LRT on housing sales prices. Compared to the studied period before its funding announcement, its announcement increased housing values by $9.2/sq ft and its commencement increased sales prices by $13.7/sq ft. Further analyses show that housing value appreciation actually occurred after the announcement but before the commencement. Thus, using the right timing of value added is critical for value capture programs and benefit–cost analysis.

Successful therapy for temporomandibular pain alters anterior insula and cerebellar representations of occlusion

Cephalalgia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (15) ◽  
pp. 1248-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Lickteig ◽  
Martin Lotze ◽  
Bernd Kordass
Keyword(s):  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Subjective Pain ◽  
Left Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Posterior Insula ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Aim Craniomandibular disorders (CMD) are widespread, but we know little about the cerebral representations associated with this pain syndrome and nothing about changes in cerebral representations of occlusion induced by common therapy approaches. Methods In a longitudinal therapy study, we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 14 patients with mild CMD during occlusal movements. fMRI, pain scoring, kinematic investigations of occlusal movements, and jaw muscle electromyography (EMG) were measured before and after two weeks of therapy with an individually optimized Michigan splint. Results The patients’ subjective pain ratings decreased, and the symmetry of condylar movements increased over the period of therapy. After therapy, EMG of the jaw muscles demonstrated more relaxed resting conditions and increased activity during maximal occlusion. fMRI during occlusion showed an activation decrease in the right anterior insula and right cerebellum over the course of therapy. Correlation analysis between pain score and fMRI activation decreases identified right anterior insula, left posterior insula and left cerebellar hemisphere. Left cerebellar and right primary motor activation magnitude was negatively associated with symmetry of the condylar movements. Conclusions Our findings highlight the impact of the anterior insula for the internal monitoring and the anticipation of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. In addition, an increase of symmetry of condylar movements after therapy has been associated with a decrease of activation magnitude in primary motor and cerebellar regions.

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