scholarly journals Ginkgolide B Alleviates Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats With Vascular Dementia by Reducing Neuroinflammation via Regulating NF-κB Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Huang ◽  
Yijie Shi ◽  
Liang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Nissl Staining

Ginkgobalide B (GB) as the main active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine Ginkgo biloba extract is reported to reduce neuroinflammation, protect neurons and promote cognitive learning ability. To explore that GB can reduce neuroinflammation through regulating nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and overcome cognitive dysfunction in rats with vascular dementia (VD), we aim at investigating the potential effect of GB on enhancing cognitive function in rats with VD. It was found that GB improved survival of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treated SH-SY5Y cells by attenuating inflammatory response via Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB pathway. When rats were treated with bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) for 24 h, saline and GB were administered in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via a single intraperitoneal injection for consecutive 14 days. The behavioral changes of VD like rats treated with GB were observed through open field test, Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze electric maze. Nissl staining and immunofluorescence were used to observe changes of neurons in the hippocampus of rats. Western blot analysis was performed by detecting NF-κB pathway related inflammatory factors. The results found that GB can significantly improve the learning and memory ability of VD rats by reducing TLR4/NF-κB mediated neuroinflammation. In conclusion, GB seemed to be a potential drug for amelioration of learning and memory impairment in rats with VD.

scholarly journals Hwangryunhaedok-Tang Exerts Neuropreventive Effect on Memory Impairment by Reducing Cholinergic System Dysfunction and Inflammatory Response in a Vascular Dementia Rat Model

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunjin Sohn ◽  
Yu Kim ◽  
Hye-Sun Lim ◽  
Bu-Yeo Kim ◽  
Soo-Jin Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cholinergic Dysfunction

Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRT) is a traditional oriental herbal formula used in Asian countries for treating inflammatory diseases and controlling fever. Our present study aimed to determine whether HRT has therapeutic effects for patients with vascular dementia (VaD) using a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) rat model and assessing spatial memory impairment and activation of neuroinflammation. BCCAO was performed in male Sprague Dawley rats to induce VaD, and oral HRT was administered daily for 30 d. Our data showed that HRT ameliorated BCCAO-induced memory and cognitive impairment in behavioral tests. In addition, HRT reversed cholinergic dysfunction and neuronal damage in the hippocampus of BCCAO rats. Furthermore, HRT attenuated microglial activation and reduced the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) induced by BCCAO. Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of HRT using index compounds from the herbal composition revealed that both HRT ethanol extract and commercial HRT granules primarily comprise geniposide, baicalin, and berberine. Our study showed that HRT administration resulted in the prevention of neuronal injury induced by BCCAO through improvement of cholinergic dysfunction and inhibition of neuroinflammatory responses, suggesting that HRT may have potential as a treatment for VaD.

scholarly journals Hypertension and cognitive disorders: causes and underlying mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-507
Author(s):  
V. A. Tsyrlin ◽  
N. V. Kuzmenko ◽  
N. G. Pliss
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Arterial hypertension (HTN) is associated with significant changes in the structure of cerebral vessels. There is a close relationship between the functional activity of neurons and the intensity of their blood supply. Vascular dementia is a heterogeneous group of diseases resulting from the pathology of neurons, glia and vessels. Cognitive disorders are the most typical manifestations of brain pathology in vascular dementia and include memory impairment, decreased learning ability, lack of personal opinion, violation of emotional control and social behavior. The article overviews the data on the organization of cerebral circulation and the mechanisms of its changes in HTN. The article analyzes the causes leading to brain hypoperfusion in elevated blood pressure. The authors discuss the mechanisms resulting in cognitive disorders in hypertensive subjects. We also address the question arising in relation of HTN and cognitive impairments: “To which extent blood pressure should be lowered in hypertensive patients with cognitive decline?”.

scholarly journals Protective effect of bilobalide on learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEI-ZU LI ◽  
WANG-YANG WU ◽  
HUAN HUANG ◽  
YANG-YANG WU ◽  
YAN-YAN YIN
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment

scholarly journals Effects of Non-Spatial Pre-Training on Learning and Memory Impairment Detection in the Morris Water Maze

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Phanit KOOMHIN ◽  
Apsorn SATTAYAKHOM ◽  
Sarawoot PALIPOCH ◽  
Chuchard PUNSAWAD ◽  
Sompol TAPECHUM
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Vessel Occlusion ◽  
Training Strategy ◽  
Learning And Memory Deficit

One of the most popular learning and memory tests is the Morris water maze. The Morris water maze is a circular pool filled with water with a hidden platform under the water surface. The test is appropriate for rodents, especially rats and mice. The testing protocol comprises 2 parts that evaluate learning ability and memory retention. When animals are placed in the pool, they experience stress, which is the driving force for discovery of a strategy to leave the water. In the experiment, animals use environmental cues to find the location of the hidden platform in the pool. After consecutive training days, animals can more quickly locate the hidden platform. The last day of the task involves a memory test without the platform. It shows a limitation of the test in mild learning and memory deficit models such as 2-vessel occlusion. Differences between the normal and memory impairment models are expressed only in a narrow range. So, we tried to modify the original protocol for mild learning and memory impairment models. We used an albino rat strain for the experiment. A pre-training strategy of 3 days of swimming in the pool with a visible platform prior to the ordinary task was used. The results suggest that this pre-training strategy improved learning and memory in the rat model. When compared to normal rats and 2-vessel occlusion rats (a rat model for vascular dementia), those that participated in the pre-training strategy showed an increase in the percent difference of area under the curve for learning trials. In conclusion, the pre-training strategy increases ability to discriminate learning and memory impairment in the rat model, especially for the mild learning and memory deficit models.

scholarly journals Nimodipine Improves Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Suppresses Inflammatory Factors in the Hippocampus of Rats with Vascular Dementia

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 1036-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
X-L Zhang ◽  
S-L Zheng ◽  
F-R Dong ◽  
Z-M Wang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Regional Cerebral Blood ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Group D

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of nimodipine on hippocampal regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and proinflammatory cytokines in rats with experimental vascular dementia. METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups ( n = 15/group): sham operated controls (group A); focal cerebral ischaemia (group B); vascular dementia (group C); and vascular dementia treated with 20 mg/kg nimodipine daily (group D). The Morris water maze test evaluated learning and memory, and magnetic resonance perfusion-weighted imaging was used to measure rCBF. Hippocampal levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were measured. RESULTS: Compared with group C, rats in group D demonstrated significantly improved learning ability and significantly increased hippocampal rCBF. The levels of NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly lower in group D than in group C. Hippocampal nerve cell morphology was abnormal in group C but near normal in group D. CONCLUSIONS: Nimodipine improved the symptoms of cognitive impairment, increased rCBF, reduced hippocampal cytokine levels and alleviated neuronal injury in the hippocampus of rats with experimental vascular dementia.

scholarly journals Sailuotong Capsule Prevents the Cerebral Ischaemia-Induced Neuroinflammation and Impairment of Recognition Memory through Inhibition of LCN2 Expression

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yehao Zhang ◽  
Jianxun Liu ◽  
Mingjiang Yao ◽  
WenTing Song ◽  
Yongqiu Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Cerebral Ischaemia ◽  
Glucose Deprivation ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Induced Expression ◽  
Memory Recovery ◽  
Ischaemic Brain

Background. Astrogliosis can result in astrocytes with hypertrophic morphology after injury, indicated by extended processes and swollen cell bodies. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, has been reported to play a detrimental role in ischaemic brains and neurodegenerative diseases. Sailuotong (SLT) capsule is a standardized three-herb preparation composed of ginseng, ginkgo, and saffron for the treatment of vascular dementia. Although recent clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effect of SLT on vascular dementia, its potential cellular mechanism has not been fully explored. Methods. Male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to microsphere-embolized cerebral ischaemia. Immunostaining and Western blotting were performed to assess astrocytic reaction. Human astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to elucidate the effects of SLT-induced inflammation and astrocytic reaction. Results. A memory recovery effect was found to be associated with the cerebral ischaemia-induced expression of inflammatory proteins and the suppression of LCN2 expression in the brain. Additionally, SLT reduced the astrocytic reaction, LCN2 expression, and the phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2. For in vitro experiments, OGD-induced expression of inflammation and LCN2 was also decreased in human astrocyte by the SLT treatment. Moreover, LCN2 overexpression significantly enhanced the above effects. SLT downregulated these effects that were enhanced by LCN2 overexpression. Conclusions. SLT mediates neuroinflammation, thereby protecting against ischaemic brain injury by inhibiting astrogliosis and suppressing neuroinflammation via the LCN2-JAK2/STAT3 pathway, providing a new idea for the treatment strategy of ischaemic stroke.

scholarly journals Inhalation Administration of Agarwood Incense Rescues Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muxuan Han ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Minghui Hu ◽  
Wei Sun ◽  
Zifa Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Object Recognition Test ◽  
Nasal Inhalation ◽  
Inhalation Administration

Background: Agarwood, a type of herbal medicine widely used in Asian countries, is noted in traditional medicine for its intelligence-enhancing effects. Agarwood incense is traditionally administered by oral and nasal inhalation. To verify whether agarwood incense can exert its intelligence-enhancing effects in this way to rescue learning and memory impairment, typical clinical manifestations of dementia, we conducted a set of behavioral tests related to learning and memory.Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups. In addition to the control and model groups, we added a donepezil treatment group to evaluate the effect of three different agarwood administration doses. After a week of administration, scopolamine was injected 30 min before each behavioral test to create a learning and memory impairment model. A series of behavioral tests [the Morris water maze test (MWM), the novel object recognition test (NOR), and the step-down test (SDT)] were used to assess their learning ability, as well as their spatial and recognition memory.Results: After scopolamine injection, the model group showed significant learning and memory impairment (i.e., longer latencies, lower crossing times, and lesser distance travelled in the target quadrant in MWM; a lower recognition index in NOR; and longer latencies and higher error times in SDT). The other four treatment groups all showed improvements in these indicators, and the overall therapeutic effect of agarwood was superior.Conclusion: The inhalation administration of agarwood can significantly improve the learning and memory impairment caused by scopolamine in mice, and the therapeutic effect varied between doses.

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