scholarly journals Possible Benefits of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii for Obesity-Associated Gut Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiani Uceli Maioli ◽  
Esther Borras-Nogues ◽  
Licia Torres ◽  
Sara Candida Barbosa ◽  
Vinicius Dantas Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Gut Homeostasis

Metabolic disorders are an increasing concern in the industrialized world. Current research has shown a direct link between the composition of the gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. In only a few weeks, an obesity-inducing diet can lead to increased gut permeability and microbial dysbiosis, which contributes to chronic inflammation in the gut and adipose tissues, and to the development of insulin resistance. In this review, we examine the interplay between gut inflammation, insulin resistance, and the gut microbiota, and discuss how some probiotic species can be used to modulate gut homeostasis. We focus primarily on Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, a highly abundant butyrate-producing bacterium that has been proposed both as a biomarker for the development of different gut pathologies and as a potential treatment due to its production of anti-inflammatory metabolites.

scholarly journals State of the micro-biota of bowels with dislipidemii in the children

2019 ◽  
pp. 76-82
Author(s):  
L. A. Kharitonova ◽  
O. V. Papisheva ◽  
T. A. Mayatskaya ◽  
G. A. Kotaysh
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

The gut microbiota has attracted increasing attention during the last several years as a key player in the pathophysiology of chronic disease. Microbiome is considered to be the link between metabolic disorders, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Recent findings have related the intestinal microbiota to a plethora of pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, cholelithiasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review presents potential mechanisms for the development of these diseases in response to changes in the gut microbiota. They involve increased gut permeability, low-grade inflammation and autoantibodies. Many studies contradict each other, which confirms the need for further scientific research in this area.

scholarly journals Transplantation of neuregulin 4-overexpressing adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates insulin resistance by attenuating hepatic steatosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (7) ◽  
pp. 565-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyue Wang ◽  
Yuxiang Zhang ◽  
Chengcan Yang ◽  
Yanni Wang ◽  
Jiahui Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Hepatic Lipogenesis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Neuregulin 4

The aim of this study is to assess whether overexpressing neuregulin 4 (Nrg4), a growth factor known to attenuate hepatic lipogenesis, in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could enhance their ability to ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) and improve lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Six-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD for 12 weeks and then were given intravenous transplantation of adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs) or ADSCs overexpressing Nrg4 (Nrg4-ADSCs). Assessment of body weight and blood glucose and insulin levels as well as glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test was performed four and eight weeks after cell injection. Triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in the plasma and liver were also measured. The mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in muscle and adipose tissues were assessed by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, including sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and fatty acid synthase, was evaluated at the mRNA and protein levels by RT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. The HFD-fed mice receiving ADSCs or Nrg4-ADSCs showed reduced blood glucose levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity, with the Nrg4-ADSC group exhibiting increased improvement in these aspects. HFD-induced changes in the expression of GLUT4 and IL-6 and TNF-α in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues were partially reversed by ADSC or Nrg4-ADSC infusion; however, no difference was observed between these two groups. Nrg4-ADSC-treated mice showed less fat cell deposition and lower TG and TC levels in the serum and liver with decreased expression of SREBP-1c and fatty acid synthase compared with the ADSC group. ADSC transplantation can reduce blood glucose level and ameliorate IR induced by HFD. The protective effects of ADSC can be attributed to suppression of inflammation and augmentation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. More importantly, Nrg4 overexpression in ADSCs could strengthen this efficacy by attenuating hepatic lipogenesis. Impact statement Due to high-fat and high-sugar diets accompanied by sedentary lifestyles, diabetes has become a global epidemic. Literature findings suggest a potential therapeutic effect of Nrg4 on treating obesity-related metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs) were used in our study as they are abundant and can be harvested with minimally invasive procedures. In the end, our study reveals that ADSC transplantation improves glucose tolerance and metabolic balance in HFD-fed mice by multiple mechanisms, including upregulating GLUT4 expression and suppressing inflammation. More importantly, our study shows that Nrg4 overexpression could improve the efficacy of ADSCs in ameliorating insulin resistance (IR) and other obesity-related metabolic disorders, given the function of Nrg4 in attenuating hepatic lipogenesis. It would provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity, IR, and T2D.

scholarly journals Effects of vitamin D deficiency on the improvement of metabolic disorders in obese mice after vertical sleeve gastrectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Min Feng ◽  
Lisha Pan ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Pengfei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

AbstractVertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is one of the most commonly performed clinical bariatric surgeries for the remission of obesity and diabetes. Its effects include weight loss, improved insulin resistance, and the improvement of hepatic steatosis. Epidemiologic studies demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is associated with many diseases, including obesity. To explore the role of vitamin D in metabolic disorders for patients with obesity after VSG. We established a murine model of diet-induced obesity + VDD, and we performed VSGs to investigate VDD's effects on the improvement of metabolic disorders present in post-VSG obese mice. We observed that in HFD mice, the concentration of VitD3 is four fold of HFD + VDD one. In the post-VSG obese mice, VDD attenuated the improvements of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, intestinal inflammation and permeability, the maintenance of weight loss, the reduction of fat loss, and the restoration of intestinal flora that were weakened. Our results suggest that in post-VSG obese mice, maintaining a normal level of vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining the improvement of metabolic disorders.

scholarly journals The new views on the state of the gut microbiota in obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
Elena V. Pokrovskaya ◽  
Minara S. Shamkhalova ◽  
Marina V. Shestakova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Obesity is a worldwide problem of the last century, the prevalence of which has reached pandemic proportions in developed countries. Over the past few years, a considerable amount of data has been gathered, reporting a direct link between changes in gut microbiota and the development of obesity, as well as related diseases, primarily, diabetes mellitus type 2. The elaboration of optimal methods of prevention and treatment regimens of these diseases needs to structure the existing knowledge about the mechanisms of development of metabolic disorders, the role of intestinal microbiota in the latter and possible therapeutic targets. This review examines the role of microorganisms in the human body, with the main focus on the developmental origins of metabolic disorders using animal models and accumulated experience of research on their effects on the human body, and also discusses possible treatment options, including bariatric surgery, fecal microbiota transplantation, the use of pre- and probiotics and certain particular groups of glucose-lowering drugs.

scholarly journals The Role of Probiotic Supplementation on Insulin Resistance in Obesity-Associated Diabetes: A Mini-Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seeme Saha ◽  
Nazmun Nahar Alam ◽  
S M Niazur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Background: Obesity and diabetes are two metabolic disorders linked by an inflammatory process named insulin resistance (IR). Various research on the role of gut microbiota in developing obesity and its associated disorders has led to the growing interest in probiotic supplementation. Considering the life-threatening complications of diabesity this mini-review explored the effects of probiotic supplementation on IR in obesity-associated diabetes. Method: This review is based on recent articles from 2005-2020, studying the role of probiotic supplementation on glucose and insulin parameters in healthy and diabetic mouse models. Result: Probiotic supplementation altered the gut microbiota composition, increased short-chain fatty acid production, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, they decreased intestinal permeability, circulating lipopolysaccharide, and metabolic endotoxemia hence improved insulin sensitivity and reduced obesity. Although multi-strain probiotic supplementation showed greater benefits than single strain interventions, variations in the concentration of probiotics used and the duration of treatment also influenced the results. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation could manipulate the gut microbiota by reducing intestinal permeability, inflammation and ameliorate IR and obesity-associated diabetes in animal models which requires further long-term clinical studies in humans.

scholarly journals Influence of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on Calcium Handling by Skeletal Muscle: Spotlight on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Eshima
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Calcium Handling ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
The Impact

Obesity and diabetes have been shown to interfere with energy metabolism and cause peripheral insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. However, recent studies have focused on the effect metabolic insult has on the loss of muscle size, strength, and physical function. Contractile dysfunction has been linked to impaired intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) regulation. In skeletal muscle, [Ca2+]i homeostasis is highly regulated by Ca2+ transport across the sarcolemma/plasma membrane, the golgi apparatus, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and mitochondria. Particularly, the SR and or mitochondria play an important role in the fine-tuning of this metabolic process. Recent studies showed that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with interactions between the SR and mitochondrial networks (the dynamic tubular reticulum formed by mitochondria), suggesting that metabolic disorders alter Ca2+ handling by these organelles. These interactions are facilitated by specific membrane proteins, including ion channels. This review considers the impact of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, on the regulation of [Ca2+]i in skeletal muscle. It also discusses the mechanisms by which this occurs, focusing chiefly on the SR and mitochondria networks. A deeper understanding of the effect of metabolic disorders on calcium handling might be useful for therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota as the Link between Elevated BCAA Serum Levels and Insulin Resistance

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1414
Author(s):  
Jan Gojda ◽  
Monika Cahova
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Scientific Attention

The microbiota-harboring human gut is an exquisitely active ecosystem that has evolved in a constant symbiosis with the human host. It produces numerous compounds depending on its metabolic capacity and substrates availability. Diet is the major source of the substrates that are metabolized to end-products, further serving as signal molecules in the microbiota-host cross-talk. Among these signal molecules, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) has gained significant scientific attention. BCAAs are abundant in animal-based dietary sources; they are both produced and degraded by gut microbiota and the host circulating levels are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the complex relationship between gut microbiota and its functional capacity to handle BCAAs as well as the host BCAA metabolism in insulin resistance development. Targeting gut microbiota BCAA metabolism with a dietary modulation could represent a promising approach in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance related states, such as obesity and diabetes.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary fibers and prebiotics in adiposity regulation via modulation of gut microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Rivera-Piza ◽  
Sung-Joon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microorganisms

AbstractThe microbiota is indispensable for human health and the regulation of various body functions, including energy metabolism. The harmonic crosstalk between the microbiota and the intestinal epithelial barrier determines gut homeostasis and health status in the healthy subject. Obesity and type 2 diabetes risk are, to some extent, explained by alterations in the microbiota. Since recent data indicate that the population of gut microorganisms can influence nutrient absorption and energy storage thus prevalence on obesity and metabolic disorders. Moreover, metabolic disease conditions, such as obesity, may be stimulated by genetic, environmental factors and by pathways that link metabolism with the immune system. On the basis of the above considerations, this review compiles the current results obtained in recent studies indicating the gut microbiota contribution to obesity development.

scholarly journals Advanced Glycation End Products: Building on the Concept of the “Common Soil” in Metabolic Disease

Endocrinology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry H Ruiz ◽  
Ravichandran Ramasamy ◽  
Ann Marie Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Advanced Glycation End Products ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
End Products

Abstract The role of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in promoting and/or exacerbating metabolic dysregulation is being increasingly recognized. AGEs are formed when reducing sugars nonenzymatically bind to proteins or lipids, a process that is enhanced by hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic environments characteristic of numerous metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes, and its complications. In this mini-review, we put forth the notion that AGEs span the spectrum from cause to consequence of insulin resistance and diabetes, and represent a “common soil” underlying the pathophysiology of these metabolic disorders. Collectively, the surveyed literature suggests that AGEs, both those that form endogenously as well as exogenous AGEs derived from environmental factors such as pollution, smoking, and “Western”-style diets, contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Specifically, AGE accumulation in key metabolically relevant organs induces insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which in turn provide substrates for excess AGE formation, thus creating a feed-forward–fueled pathological loop mediating metabolic dysfunction.

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