The Impact of a Single Stretching Session on Running Performance and Running Economy: A Scoping Review

One determining factor for running performance is running economy (RE), which can be quantified as the steady-state oxygen consumption at a given running speed. Stretching is frequently applied in sports practice and has been widely investigated in recent years. However, the effect of stretching on RE and performance is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this scoping review is to investigate the effects of a single bout of stretching on RE and running performance in athletes (e.g., recreational and elites) and non-athletes. The online search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Only studies that explored the acute effects of stretching on RE (or similar variables) and/or running performance variables with healthy and adult participants, independent of activity level, were included in this review. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria with a total of 44 parameters (14 performance-related/30 metabolic parameters) and 111 participants. Regardless of the stretching technique, there was an improvement both in performance variables (21.4%) and metabolic variables (13.3%) following an acute bout of stretching. However, detrimental effects in performance variables (28.5%) and metabolic variables (6.6%) were also reported, though the results were influenced by the stretching duration and technique. Although it was observed that a single static stretching exercise with a duration of up to 90 s per muscle group can lead to small improvements in RE (1.0%; 95% CI: −1.04 to 2.22), negative effects were reported in running performance (−1.4%; 95% CI: −3.07 to −0.17). It was also observed that a single bout of dynamic stretching only resulted in a negligible change in RE −0.79% (95% CI: −0.95 to 4.18) but a large increase in running performance (9.8%; 95% CI: −3.28 to 16.78), with an overall stretch duration (including all muscles) between 217 and 900 s. Therefore, if stretching is applied without additional warm-up, the results suggest applying dynamic stretching (for a short overall stretching duration of ≤220 s) rather than static stretching if the goal is to increase running performance. In general, only short static stretching durations of ≤60 s per muscle–tendon unit are advisable. One study reported that less flexible runners have greater benefits from stretching than athletes with normal flexibility. In addition, it can be suggested that less flexible runners should aim for an optimum amount of flexibility, which would likely result in a more economical run.

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The Impact of Short-Duration Static Stretching or Combined Static Stretching with Dynamic Stretching on Sprint Performance in Moderately Trained Subjects

Journal of Athletic Enhancement ◽

10.4172/2324-9080.1000198 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 04 (03) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amri Hammami ◽

Maamer Slimani ◽

Narimen Yousfi

Keyword(s):

Short Duration ◽

Sprint Performance ◽

Static Stretching ◽

Trained Subjects ◽

Dynamic Stretching ◽

The Impact

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The Impact of Asthma Education Programs on Children's Life Aspects: A Scoping Review

Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573398x17666210129130547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Nashi Alreshidi ◽

. Mahmoud Al-Kalaldeh

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Activity Level ◽

Self Management ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

School Absenteeism ◽

Education Programs ◽

Asthma Education ◽

The Impact

Objective: This scoping review was conducted to explore the impact of education programme on asthmatic children's knowledge of asthma, quality of life, school absenteeism, and self-management. Data sources: The review was restricted to randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental designs. Studies published in English between 2000 and 2017 were retrieved from CINAHL, MEDLINE, Ovid SP, The Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases. Study selections: Along with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting studies, an evaluation for the quality of the experimental research based on the level of evidence was applied to categorize studies into poor to good quality. Results: Of 1256 items initially identified references, 18 studies were included in the review to cover the impact of asthma education on major four areas; children's knowledge of asthma, quality of life, school absenteeism, and self-management. Conclusion: Despite some inconsistencies between the reviewed studies, asthma education programs demonstrated a positive effect on children's knowledge of asthma, quality of life, school absenteeism, and self-management. Further research on the effect of asthma education on children's activity level, symptoms, and emotional domains are recommended.

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The effects of short-duration static stretching of the lower extremities after warm-up exercise on endurance running performance

Movement Health & Exercise ◽

10.15282/mohe.v4i2.40 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kazuki Takizawa ◽

Taichi Yamaguchi ◽

Keisuke Shibata

Keyword(s):

Short Duration ◽

Lower Extremities ◽

Running Economy ◽

Time To Exhaustion ◽

Static Stretching ◽

Endurance Running ◽

Long Distance ◽

Running Performance ◽

Warm Up ◽

Endurance Running Performance

Previous studies have concluded that static stretching impairs running economy and endurance running performance. However these studies examined long durations (90-120 seconds for one muscle) of static stretching. Another study reported that most athletes perform static stretching of each muscle for less than 20 seconds in their warm-up. The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of 20-second static stretches of the lower extremities after 15 minutes warm-up on endurance running performance. Seven healthy well-trained middle or long distance male runners (age 21.3 ± 2.1 years; height 170.3 ± 3.1 centimeters; weight 60.0 ± 5.5 kilograms) took part in the present study. Each subject ran on a treadmill at 90% VO2max until exhaustion after one of two warm-up procedures. The two warm-up procedures were 15 minutes running at 70% VO2max (Warm-up) and 15 minutes running at 70% VO2max plus five static stretches of the lower extremities (Warm-up + static stretching). The running performance was evaluated by time to exhaustion. In the results, there were no significant differences in time to exhaustion among the warm-up exercises (Warm-up: 819.3 ± 230.6 sec., Warm-up + static stretching 817.9 ± 213.7 sec.). These results suggested that endurance running performance was not affected by the presence or absence of 20-second static stretches and there may be no need to avoid static stretches before endurance running if the duration is not too long.

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A Scoping Review of Exercise Referral Schemes Involving Qualified Exercise Professionals in Primary Health Care

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2020-1070 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Myles W. O'Brien ◽

Nick W. Bray ◽

Matthew J. Kivell ◽

Jonathon R Fowles

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Physical Activity Counselling ◽

Supervised Exercise ◽

The Impact ◽

Exercise Referral

Qualified exercise professionals (QEPs) have the training, knowledge, and scope of practice to effectively provide physical activity counselling, prescribe exercise, and deliver exercise programming to patients with or without chronic diseases. Healthcare providers identify an interest in referring patients to QEPs; however, the impact of exercise referral schemes (ERS) involving QEPs on patients’ physical health is unclear. A scoping review regarding the available evidence of ERS involving healthcare provider referrals to QEPs was performed. A literature search was conducted in six databases (initially: n=6011 articles), yielding n=23 articles examining QEP delivered physical activity counselling (n=7), QEP supervised exercise training (n=4), or some combination (n=12). Although studies were heterogeneous in methods, procedures, and populations, ERSs increased patients’ subjective physical activity levels. Few studies incorporated objective physical activity measures (n=5/23), and almost half measured aerobic fitness (n=11/23). ERS involving a QEP that includes activity counselling and/or exercise programming/training report favourable impacts on patients’ subjectively measured physical activity and objectively measured aerobic fitness. Based on the existing literature on the topic, this scoping review provides recommendations for designing and/or evaluating ERS with QEPs that include: objective measures, long-term follow-up, QEP qualifications, and the cost-effectiveness of ERS. Novelty: • ERS involving QEPs report increased patients’ perceived physical activity level and may improve patients’ cardiorespiratory fitness. • Promoting the collaboration of QEPs with other healthcare providers can enhance patients’ physical fitness and health. • This scoping review provides recommendations for the design and evaluation of ERS involving QEPs.

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Influence of an Enforced Fast Start on 10-km-Running Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2015-0397 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 736-741 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Everton C. do Carmo ◽

Renato Barroso ◽

Andrew Renfree ◽

Saulo Gil ◽

Valmor Tricoli

Keyword(s):

Ventilatory Threshold ◽

Running Economy ◽

Individual Response ◽

Long Distance ◽

Running Performance ◽

Performance Variables ◽

Fast Start ◽

Improved Performance ◽

And Performance ◽

Metabolic Disruption

The effects of an enforced fast start on long-distance performance are controversial and seem to depend on the athlete’s capacity to delay and tolerate metabolic disruption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an enforced start on 10-km-running performance and the influence of the some physiological and performance variables on the ability to tolerate an enforced fast start during the running. Fifteen moderately trained runners performed two 10-km time trials (TTs): free pacing (FP-TT) and fast start (FS-TT). During FS-TT, speed during the first kilometer was 6% higher than in FP-TT. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), peak velocity (PV), velocity associated with VO2max (vVO2max), ventilatory threshold, and running economy at 10 and 12 km/h and FP-TT average velocity (AV-10 km) were individually determined. There were no differences between FP-TT and FS-TT performance (45:01 ± 4:08 vs 45:11 ± 4:46 min:s, respectively, P = .4). Eight participants improved (+2.2%) their performance and were classified as positive responders (PR) and 7 decreased (–3.3%) performance and were classified as negative responders (NR). Running speed was significantly higher for PR between 6 and 9.2 km (P < .05) during FS-TT. In addition, PR presented higher PV (P = .02) and vVO2max (P = .01) than NR, suggesting that PV and vVO2max might influence the ability to tolerate a fast-start strategy. In conclusion, there was an individual response to the enforced fast-start strategy during 10-km running, and those who improved performance also presented higher vVO2max and PV, suggesting a possible association between these variables and response to the strategy adopted.

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Acute effect of dynamic stretching or running on endurance running performance in well-trained male runners

Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche ◽

10.23736/s0393-3660.18.03987-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 179 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

Taichi Yamaguchi ◽

Kazuki Takizawa ◽

Keisuke Shibata ◽

Nobuyasu Tomabechi ◽

Mina Samukawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Effect ◽

Endurance Running ◽

Running Performance ◽

Dynamic Stretching ◽

Endurance Running Performance

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The Relationship Between Highly Visual Social Media and Young People’s Mental Health: A Scoping Review (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.18177 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alanna McCrory

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Social Media ◽

Young People ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Mental Wellbeing ◽

Published Evidence ◽

The Impact

UNSTRUCTURED Users of highly visual social media (HVSM), such as Snapchat and Instagram, share their messages through images, rather than relying on words. A significant proportion of people that use these platforms are adolescents. Previous research reveals mixed evidence regarding the impact of online social technologies on this age group’s mental wellbeing, but it is uncertain whether the psychological effects of visual content alone differ from text-driven social media. This scoping review maps existing literature that has published evidence about highly visual social media, specifically its psychological impact on young people. Nine electronic databases and grey literature from 2010 until March 2019 were reviewed for articles describing any aspect of visual social media, young people and their mental health. The screening process retrieved 239 articles. With the application of eligibility criteria, this figure was reduced to 25 articles for analysis. Results indicate a paucity of data that exclusively examines HVSM. The predominance of literature relies on quantitative methods to achieve its objectives. Many findings are inconsistent and lack the richness that qualitative data may provide to explore the reasons for theses mixed findings.

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MHealth Applications for People with Cognitive Impairment and Their Caregivers: A Scoping Review (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.22474 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Qing Zhao ◽

Pei Chen ◽

Yu Zhang ◽

Haining Liu ◽

Xianwen Li

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Sample Size ◽

Research Design ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Life Support ◽

Small Sample ◽

Mobile Technologies ◽

Control Group ◽

Caregiver Support ◽

The Impact

BACKGROUND Mobile health application has become an important tool for healthcare systems. One such tool is the delivery of assisting in people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to explore and evaluate the existing evidence and challenges on the use of mHealth applications that assisting in people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. METHODS Nine databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, PsycARTICLES, CINAHL, Web of Science, Applied Science & Technology Source, IEEE Xplore and the ACM Digital Library were searched from inception through June 2020 for the studies of mHealth applications on people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. Two reviewers independently extracted, checked synthesized data independently. RESULTS Of the 6101 studies retrieved, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria. Three categories emerged from this scoping review. These categories are ‘application functionality’, ‘evaluation strategies’, ‘barriers and challenges’. All the included studies were categorized into 7 groups based on functionality: (1) cognitive assessment; (2) cognitive training; (3) life support; (4) caregiver support; (5) symptom management; (6) reminiscence therapy; (7) exercise intervention. The included studies were broadly categorized into four types: (1) Usability testing; (2) Pilot and feasibility studies; (3) Validation studies; and (4) Efficacy or Effectiveness design. These studies had many defects in research design such as: (1) small sample size; (2) deficiency in active control group; (3) deficiency in analyzing the effectiveness of intervention components; (4) lack of adverse reactions and economic evaluation; (5) lack of consideration about the education level, electronic health literacy and smartphone proficiency of the participants; (6) deficiency in assessment tool; (7) lack of rating the quality of mHealth application. Some progress should be improved in the design of smartphone application functionality, such as: (1) the design of cognitive measurements and training game need to be differentiated; (2) reduce the impact of the learning effect. Besides this, few studies used health behavior theory and performed with standardized reporting. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results show that mobile technologies facilitate the assistance in people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers. The majority of mHealth application interventions incorporated usability outcome and health outcomes. However, these studies have many defects in research design that limit the extrapolation of research. The content of mHealth application is urgently improved to adapt to demonstrate the real effect. In addition, further research with strong methodological rigor and adequate sample size are needed to examine the feasibility, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of mHealth applications for people with cognitive impairment and their caregivers.

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