The effect of dietary asynchrony on rumen nitrogen recycling in sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 70-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Holder ◽  
P.J. Buttery ◽  
P.C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Recycling ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Rumen Nitrogen ◽  
Energy Components

Recent work (Sinclair et al. 1993) has suggested that synchronising the rate of rumen breakdown and availability of dietary energy and nitrogenous components can increase capture of rumen degradable nitrogen and improve efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. For rumen bacteria to function efficiently they require a supply of both energy and nitrogen sources together i.e a synchronous diet. Nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen is a major contributor to the nitrogen economy of the animal and supplies substantial quantities of nitrogen to the rumen bacteria (Kennedy & Milligan 1980). The amount of nitrogen recycled to the rumen is diet dependant. This dependency may not solely be due to the levels of dietary nutrients but also to their rate of breakdown and availability to the rumen bacteria. The predominant mechanism controlling nitrogen recycling between the blood and the rumen appears to be rumen ammonia concentration It has been suggested that the recycling of nitrogen between the blood urea pool and the rumen ammonia pool may be able to compensate for periods of dietary nitrogen deficiency in the rumen due to the asynchrony of availability of the nitrogen and energy components to the rumen bacteria.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary energy and nitrogen supplements on rumen fermentation and protozoa population in buffalo and zebu cattle

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Franzolin ◽  
Fabrício Pini Rosales ◽  
Weber Vilas Bôas Soares
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Level ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Citrus Pulp

The effects were assessed of two energy sources in concentrate (ground grain corn vs. citrus pulp) and two nitrogen sources (soybean meal vs. urea) on rumen metabolism in four buffaloes and four zebu cattle (Nellore) with rumen cannula and fed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with feeds containing 60% sugar cane. Energy supplements had no effect on the rumen ammonia concentration in cattle, but ground grain corn promoted higher ammonia level than citrus pulp in buffalo. Urea produced higher ammonia level than soybean meal in both animal species. On average, the buffaloes maintained a lower rumen ammonia concentration (11.7 mg/dL) than the cattle (14.5 mg/dL). Buffaloes had lower production of acetic acid than cattle (58.7 vs. 61.6 mol/100 mol) and higher of propionic acid (27.4 vs. 23.6 mol/100 mol). There was no difference in the butyric acid production between the buffaloes (13.6 mol/100 mol) and cattle (14.8 mol/100 mol) and neither in the total volatile fatty acids concentration (82.5 vs. 83.6 mM, respectively). The energy or nitrogen sources had no effect on rumen protozoa count in either animal species. The zebu cattle had higher rumen protozoa population (8.8 × 10(5)/mL) than the buffaloes (6.1 × 10(5)/mL). The rumen protozoa population differed between the animal species, except for Dasytricha and Charonina. The buffaloes had a lower Entodinium population than the cattle (61.0 vs 84.9%, respectively) and a greater percentage of species belonging to the Diplodiniinae subfamily than the cattle (28.6 vs. 1.4%, respectively). In cattle, ground corn is a better energy source than citrus pulp for use by Entodinium and Diplodiniinae. In the buffaloes, the Entodinium are favored by urea and Diplodiniinae species by soybean meal.

The effect of nitrogen source on the in vitro cellulose digestion of chemically treated oat straw and poplar wood

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
W. D. Kitts
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Energy Fraction ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Micro Organisms

The gross energy of forages can be classified into three fractions, namely the unavailable fraction, the digestible energy fraction and the potentially digestible energy (PDE) fraction. The PDE fraction can only be made available by appropriate treatment and supplementation (Pigden & Heaney, 1969). In young forages the PDE fraction is relatively insignificant, but as the plant matures, the PDE fraction increases very rapidly. By treating matured forages with delignifying agents, increased nutrient digestibilities have been demonstrated Chandra & Jackson, 1971; Wilson & Pigden, 1964), but no significant improvement on the voluntary intake was achieved unless the treated material was supplemented with a source of nitrogen (Donefer, Adeleye & Jones, 1969). While Zafren (1960) used ammonium hydroxide (NH40H) as the treatment alkali, with the claim that the ammonium acetate resulting from the neutralization of the excess alkali could serve as an extra source of nitrogen in the treated straw, other investigators (Donefer et al. 1969) have adopted the method of supplementing the treated straw with a source of nitrogen. Since the efficiency with which dietary nitrogen is converted to microbial nitrogen in the rumen has a considerable influence on the efficiency the animal as a whole, studies herein reported were carried out to test the effectiveness with which rumen micro-organisms utilize different nitrogen sources in degrading cellulose in vitro.

scholarly journals Dietary Pattern and Dietary Energy from Fat Associated with Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Chinese People: A Cross-Sectional Study in Three Regions of China

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3689
Author(s):  
Cheng Li ◽  
Bingxian Kang ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Hongru Gu ◽  
Pengkun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Older Chinese

Associations between dietary patterns (DPs) and sarcopenia remain controversial, and fewer studies have mentioned the relationship between dietary energy composition and sarcopenia. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in three regions of China, to detect the associations between DPs and sarcopenia, and to identify the influencing nutrients. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for DP identification. Logistic regressions were performed to explore the associations between DPs and sarcopenia. Dietary nutrients and dietary energy composition were calculated and compared among different DPs. Three DPs were identified from 861 community-dwelling older people. The “mushrooms–fruits–milk” pattern was negatively associated with sarcopenia (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.14~0.77, p-trend = 0.009). Subjects in the highest quartile of the “mushrooms–fruits–milk” pattern showed more abundant intake (1.7 g/kg/d) of dietary protein, and lower percentage (31%) of energy from fat (PEF) than the other two DPs. Further analyses indicated that lower PEF (<30%) was negatively associated with sarcopenia. In conclusion, the “mushrooms–fruits–milk” pattern was negatively associated with sarcopenia in community-dwelling older Chinese people. This pattern showed abundant protein intake and low PEF, which may partially contribute to its protective effect on sarcopenia. Therefore, besides protein, dietary fat and PEF may also be considered in the prevention and management of sarcopenia.

The nutrition of the early-weaned calf IV. Ruminal ammonia formation from soluble and insoluble protein sources

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Preston ◽  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
N. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
A Value ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Ammonia Formation

SUMMARY1. Rumen-ammonia concentration, pH of rumen liquor and blood-urea concentration have been measured at intervals after feeding in six calves given diets containing ‘soluble’ groundnut meal, ‘soluble’ herring meal or ‘insoluble’ herring meal as the major protein source.2. There were no significant differences between diets in any of the measurements examined. A difference approaching significance was, however, observed between ‘soluble’ herring meal and the other diets in the direction and extent of the change in rumen-ammonia concentration during the first hour after feeding.3. On all diets, pH of rumen liquor fell to a value in the region of 5·5 immediately after feeding and increased gradually to around 6·5 during the following 8 hr. Rumen-ammonia concentrations were at all times very low.4. There was no significant residual correlation between changes in blood-urea concentration and the corresponding changes in rumen-ammonia concentration.5. Rumen-ammonia concentration increased markedly on the ‘soluble’ herring meal diet when the nitrogen intake of the animals was increased by 50%; under similar conditions, only slight increases in this measurement were observed on the other diets.6. Thesefindingsare discussed in relation to the efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen.

Corn or alfalfa as the forage source in predominantly silage diets for late-lactation dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
P. H. Robinson ◽  
R. E. McQueen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Dietary Energy Density

Twelve multiparous and three primiparous cows were used in a 10-wk lactation study with two repeated measures to evaluate diets containing 90% timothy–alfalfa silage (TA), 84% corn silage (CS) or an equal mixture of each (TA–CS). Each diet was supplemented with minerals to meet requirements; barley was used as a carrier. Diets CS and TA–CS were also supplemented with urea, casein and soybean meal, making them similar to TA for undegraded intake protein (UIP) and degraded intake protein (DIP) levels. Two of the cows on each treatment were fitted with a ruminal cannula. There were no treatment effects on intake (27 g DM kg−1 BW), body-weight change or body-condition score. Milk yield averaged 15.3 kg d−1 and was not treatment influenced (P > 0.05); however, yield of fat and protein and percentage of lactose in milk showed a linear response to increased corn silage in the diet (P < 0.05). Rumen pH was least and rumen ammonia concentration greatest in the mixed silage diet (P < 0.05). Rumen pool sizes of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were not treatment influenced (P > 0.05). All treatments supported modest levels of production for cows in late lactation, with increasing dietary energy density from corn silage increasing energy output in milk. Key words: Dairy cow, silage diets, forage species, milk production

scholarly journals The simultaneous estimation of the amounts of protozoal, bacterial and dietary nitrogen entering the duodenum of steers

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Cockburn ◽  
A. P. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Flow Estimation ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Profiling ◽  
Dietary Casein ◽  
Microbial N

1. Four steers were given straw and tapioca diets, twice daily, in a 4 x 4 Latin-square design. These diets, containing 4.2 g nitrogen/kg dry matter (DM), were further supplemented with either urea, decorticated groundnut meal (DCGM), untreated (UT) casein or formaldehyde-treated (FT) casein to give a total of 19.7 g N/kg DM and 10.5 MJ/kg DM daily.2. Concurrent samples of rumen bacteria and protozoa and abomasal digesta were collected for each period of the experiment and the concentrations of 2-aminoethyl phosphonic acid (AEPA), diaminopimelic acid (DAPA), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), amino acids and hexosamines were determined in the dried preparations. The nature of the dietary supplements had little effect on the concentrations of most of these constituents or on the total protozoal numbers.3. Abomasal digesta samples marked with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chromic oxide for flow estimation were collected over 24 h, and the proportions of protozoal-N, bacterial-N and microbial-N estimated simultaneously using the markers AEPA, DAPA and RNA respectively. These digesta-N components were also estimated using an amino acid profiling (AAP) method which gave, in addition, estimates of the dietary and endogenous components. For the diets containing casein, the proportion of dietary casein was estimated directly using casein-P as a marker.4. Estimates of the respective mean proportions of microbial-N in abomasal digesta non-ammonia-N (NAN) for the diets containing urea, DCGM, UT casein or FT casein were: AEPA 0.56, 0.32, 0.27 and 0.16; DAPA 0.88, 0.70, 0.81 and 0.57; RNA 0.98, 0.85, 0.92 and 0.53.5. Giving FT casein significantly (P< 0.001) increased the flow of casein-N at the abomasum and a significantly (P< 0.001) greater proportion of casein-N was found in abomasal NAN (0.51v.0.09) where FT rather than UT casein was given.6. The AAP method gave results for the proportions of microbial- and dietary-N (where casein was given) which were, in general, slightly lower than those obtained using RNA and casein-P as markers. Agreement with estimates of bacterial protein (from DAPA) and of protozoal protein (from AEPA) was less satisfactory.7. Comparisons of the various estimates of the proportions of microbial-N in abomasal digesta suggested that the results obtained for protozoal-N by AEPA were overestimates. AEPA was found in mixed rumen bacteria which may have accounted in part for these overestimates. However, AEPA was not detected in any of the dietary ingredients.

The Dietary Energy and Nitrogen Requirements of the Gray-Headed Flying Fox, Pteropus-Poliocephalus (Temminck) (Megachiroptera)

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Steller
Keyword(s):  
Energy Budget ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Field Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Pteropus Poliocephalus ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Flying Fox

The maintenance energy (MER) and nitrogen (MNR) requirements of Pteropus poliocephalus were determined from a series of feeding trials with artificial diets. The low basal metabolic rate (BMR: 225 kJ.kg-0.75.d-') of this bat is associated with a low MNR (457 mg. kg-0.75.d-') but does not reflect a low MER (667 kJ.kg-0.75.d-'). From flight data of Carpenter and the MER from this study, a minimal field energy budget was calculated to be 944 kJ. .d-'. This value is high compared to that of microchiropteran bats. Studies of the digestibility of two fruit diets, native fig and apple, showed that more energy than nitrogen was apparently absorbed. The latter is a limiting nutrient in the apple diet, so that 3.2 times as much dry matter must be consumed in order to meet the nitrogen requirement as for the field energy requirement. It is postulated that the low BMR and low MNR are associated with an interrupted or restricted source of dietary nitrogen. A high MER may provide a means by which surplus energy is dissipated as heat. An ititake of excess energy in order to meet nitrogen requirements also explains how P. poliocephalus can afford a high field energy budget.

scholarly journals Pre-exercise Carbohydrate Drink Adding Protein Improves Post-exercise Fatigue Recovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Yi-Wey Tan ◽  
Sareena-Hanim Hamzah ◽  
Chih-Yang Huang ◽  
Chia-Hua Kuo
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Exercise Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Recovery ◽  
Cycling Time

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the requirement of protein in pre-exercise carbohydrate drinks for optimal endurance performance at high intensity and post-exercise fatigue recovery.Methods: Endurance performance at 85% V.⁢O2peak of young men (age 20 ± 0.9 years, V.⁢2peak 49.3 ± 0.3 L/min) was measured for two consecutive days using cycling time to exhaustion and total work exerted 2 h after three isocaloric supplementations: RICE (50 g, protein: 1.8 g), n = 7; SOY + RICE (50 g, protein: 4.8 g), n = 7; and WHEY + RICE (50 g, protein: 9.2 g), n = 7.Results: Endurance performance was similar for the three supplemented conditions. Nevertheless, maximal cycling time and total exerted work from Day 1 to Day 2 were improved in the WHEY + RICE (+21%, p = 0.05) and SOY-RICE (+16%, p = 0.10) supplemented conditions, not the RICE supplemented condition. Increases in plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed 1 h after exercise regardless of supplemented conditions. Plasma creatine kinase remained unchanged after exercise for all three supplemented conditions. Increases in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) after exercise were small and similar for the three supplemented conditions.Conclusion: Adding protein into carbohydrate drinks provides no immediate benefit in endurance performance and antioxidant capacity yet enhances fatigue recovery for the next day. Soy-containing carbohydrate drink, despite 50% less protein content, shows similar fatigue recovery efficacy to the whey protein-containing carbohydrate drink. These results suggest the importance of dietary nitrogen sources in fatigue recovery after exercise.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document