scholarly journals Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-Protein 16 (FLA16) Is Required for Stem Development in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Liu ◽  
Colleen P. MacMillan ◽  
Thomas Shafee ◽  
Yingxuan Ma ◽  
Julian Ratcliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Group A ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Function

The predominant Fascilin 1 (FAS1)-containing proteins in plants belong to the Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan-protein (FLA) family of extracellular glycoproteins. In addition to FAS1 domains, these multi-domain FLA proteins contain glycomotif regions predicted to direct addition of large arabinogalactan (AG) glycans and many contain signal sequences for addition of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor to tether them to the plasma membrane. FLAs are proposed to play both structural and signaling functions by forming a range of interactions in the plant extracellular matrix, similar to FAS1-containing proteins in animals. FLA group B members contain two FAS1 domains and are not predicted to be GPI-anchored. None of the group B members have been functionally characterized or their sub-cellular location resolved, limiting understanding of their function. We investigated the group B FLA16 in Arabidopsis that is predominantly expressed in inflorescence tissues. FLA16 is the most highly expressed FLA in the stem after Group A members FLA11 and FLA12 that are stem specific. A FLA16-YFP fusion protein driven by the endogenous putative FLA16 promoter in wild type background showed expression in cells with secondary cell walls, and FLA16 displayed characteristics of cell wall glycoproteins with moderate glycosylation. Investigation of a fla16 mutant showed loss of FLA16 leads to reduced stem length and altered biomechanical properties, likely as a result of reduced levels of cellulose. Immuno-labeling indicated support for FLA16 location to the plasma-membrane and (apoplastic) cell wall of interfascicular stem fiber cells. Together these results indicate FLA16, a two-FAS1 domain FLAs, plays a role in plant secondary cell wall synthesis and function.

scholarly journals Protective effect of LIF-huMSCs on the retina of diabetic model rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1508-1517
Author(s):  
Shan-Na Chen ◽  
◽  
Ying-Xue Ma ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Guang-Hui He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diabetic Model ◽  
Group A ◽  
Retinal Structure ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Function ◽  
Group D ◽  
Control Group Group

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) modified by the LIF gene on the retinal function of diabetic model rats and preliminarily explore the possible mechanism. METHODS: A stably transfected cell line of hUCMSCs overexpressing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was constructed. Overexpression was verified by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Forty-eight adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (group A), streptozotocin-induced diabetic control group (group B), diabetic rats at 3mo injected with empty vector-transfected hUCMSCs (group C) or injected with LIF-hUCMSCs (group D). Four weeks after the intravitreal injection, analyses in all groups included retinal function using flash electroretinogram (F-ERG), retinal blood vessel examination of retinal flat mounts perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran), and retinal structure examination of sections using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression levels of adiponectin (APN), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) in each group was detected using immunohistochemistry, PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: A stable transgenic cell line of LIF-hUCMSCs was constructed. F-ERG and FITC-dextran examinations revealed no abnormalities of retinal structure and function in group A, severe damage of the retinal blood vessels and function in group B, and improved retinal structure and function in group C and especially group D. qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot analyses revealed progressively higher APN and NT-4 expression levels in groups B, C, and D than in group A. hs-CRP expression was significantly higher in group B than in groups A, C, and D, and was significantly higher in group C than in group D (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: LIF-hUCMSCs protect the retina of diabetic rats by upregulating APN and NT-4 expression and downregulating hs-CRP expression in the retina.

scholarly journals Doubly Branched Hexasaccharide Epitope on the Cell Wall Polysaccharide of Group A Streptococci Recognized by Human and Rabbit Antisera

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 6383-6389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Michon ◽  
Samuel L. Moore ◽  
John Kim ◽  
Milan S. Blake ◽  
France-Isabelle Auzanneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group B Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Streptococcal Polysaccharide ◽  
Synthetic Oligosaccharides ◽  
Group B ◽  
Dominant Epitope

ABSTRACT A number of epitope specificities associated with the cell wall polysaccharide antigen of group A streptococci were identified in a polyclonal rabbit antiserum induced in rabbits by whole group A streptococci and in polyclonal convalescent human antisera from children that had recovered from streptococcal A infections. The identification was achieved by using a series of synthetic oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates, and bacterial polysaccharide inhibitors to inhibit the binding of the group A helical polysaccharide to the polyclonal antisera. The exclusively dominant epitope expressed in the convalescent human antisera was the doubly branched extended helical hexasaccharide with the structure α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap(1→3)α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap. The hexasaccharide epitope also bound with the highest immunoreactivity to the rabbit antiserum. In contrast, the human antisera did not show significant binding to the singly branched pentasaccharide with the structure α-l-Rhap(1→2)α-l-Rhap(1→3)α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap or the branched trisaccharide α-l-Rhap(1→2)[β-d-GlcpNAc(1→3)]α-l-Rhap, although both these haptens bound significantly to the same rabbit antiserum, albeit with less immunoreactivity than the hexasaccharide. Inhibition studies using streptococcal group A and B rabbit antisera and the inhibitors indicated above also suggested that the group A carbohydrate, unlike the group B streptococcal polysaccharide, does not contain the disaccharide α-l-Rhap(1→2)α-l-Rhap motif at its nonreducing chain terminus, stressing the importance of mapping the determinant specificities of these two important streptococcal subcapsular group polysaccharides to fully understand the serological relationships between group A and group B streptococci.

Revascularization and Function of Pancreatic Islet Isografts in Diabetic Rats following Transplantation

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Furuya ◽  
Toshihisa Kimura ◽  
Makoto Murakami ◽  
Kanji Katayama ◽  
Kazuo Hirose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Islet ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Isolated Islets ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Pancreatic Islet Transplantation ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Lewis Rats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Function

In pancreatic islet transplantation, revascularization is crucial for the graft's survival and function. In this study, the endothelium of isolated islets and revascularization and function of islet isografts in diabetic rat were investigated. Islets were isolated from Lewis rats by collagenase digestion method and were examined using immunohistochemistry (CD31 stain) on days 0, 1, 3, and 7 after isolation. The number of CD31-positive cells in these isolated islets was counted (mean ± SD%). Isografts (freshly isolated islets: group A, and islets cultured for 7 days: group B) transplanted in the renal subcapsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Lewis rats were examined using immunohistochemistry (CD31 stain) on days 3, 5, and 7 after transplantation. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed on days 3 and 7 after transplantation. The number of CD31-positive cells in the isolated islets on days 0, 1, 3, and 7 after isolation were: 17.3 ± 4.1%, 8.2 ± 0.7%, 2.1 ± 0.8%, and 0.8 ± 0.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). On day 5 after transplantation, CD31-positive cells were not detected in group A and B grafts, but were detected in both groups in periphery of the islets. On day 7, CD31-positive microvessels were present throughout the entire graft. IVGTT values in groups A and B on days 3 and 7 after transplantation did not show significant differences. In renal subcapsular isografts in diabetic rats, revascularization into islet grafts occurs from the surrounding host tissue 5 days after transplantation, but has no influence on the response to glucose during this period.

scholarly journals Surgical techniques for the treatment of tongue tie in children: a comparative study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Atishkumar Gujrathi ◽  
Vijayalaxmi Ambulgekar ◽  
Ashwini Handal
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Group A ◽  
Surgical Modality ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Function

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Ankyloglossia is another name for tongue tie which in mild form is characterized by mucous membrane bands to complete ankyloglossia whereby the tongue is tethered to the floor of the mouth. It can affect feeding, speech, and oral hygiene as well as have mechanical/social effects. Ankyloglossia can also prevent the tongue from contacting the anterior palate.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study aimed to find out best possible surgical modality of frenectomy by comparing scalpel, electro-cautery and CO<sub>2</sub> laser in the treatment of tongue tie. This is a prospective randomized clinical trial conducted in the department of ENT, Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, Nanded, Maharashtra. All patients were categorized in to three groups randomly as group A, group B and group C. Each group contains 18 patients and among group A, B and C, frenectomy was done by conventional scalpel technique, by bipolar cautery and CO<sub>2</sub> laser respectively. Then patients were assessed on post op day 1 for symptomatology and inflammatory signs, on post op day 7 for wound healing and any complications and also after 1 month post-op for scar and contracture of wound.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> In our study, about 61% of population is of male child and female child were remaining 39% (ratio 1.6:1) which is matching with the previous studies. Amongst all patients most common age group is between 1-4 years of age group. Most of the patients were in Kotlow’s class III having severe ankyloglossia (3‑7 mm) followed by class I having Mild ankyloglossia (12‑16 mm).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Laser and electro-cautery treatment used for frenectomy operations provides better patient perception in terms of postoperative pain and function than that obtained by the scalpel technique.</p>

scholarly journals Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessy Silva ◽  
Ricardo Ferraz ◽  
Paul Dupree ◽  
Allan M. Showalter ◽  
Sílvia Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
The Past ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
The Family ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Proline Hydroxylation ◽  
Genetics And Genomics

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.

Lomasome biogenesis and function in armillaria mellea

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-403
Author(s):  
B. Ch. Behboodi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Wall Formation ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Sodium Cacodylate ◽  
Armillaria Mellea ◽  
Synthetic Media ◽  
And Function

IntroductionBorder bodies or lomasomes are the aggregation of membranes and vesicles located between the plasma membrane and the cell wall of many fungi, algae, and higher plants. Despite extensive investigation, the biogenesis as well as function of these structures is not yet known. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the biogenesis of lomasomes in Armillaria mellea and to provide some observations on their function related to cell wall formation.Materials and MethodsVarious thalli of fungi as non-aggregated hyphae, pseudosclerotes, rhizomorphs and carpophores were grown either on orange or synthetic media as described previously. The thalli were fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4), and 0.15 M sucrose for 4 h at 4°. They were postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide in the same buffer for 2 h at 4° and embedded in Epon according to the Luft procedure. Cytochemical studies using thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate were performed according the Thiéry.

The Synoptic Son of Man Sayings in Recent Discussion

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Synoptic Gospels ◽  
People Of God ◽  
Son Of Man ◽  
The People ◽  
Group A ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Function ◽  
Sayings Of Jesus

In recent years there appeared to have developed a general consensus of opinion in the English-speaking world about the use of the term ‘Son of man’ in the Synoptic Gospels which may be summed up as follows: Jesus adopted the title ‘Son of man’ from Daniel vii, where it signifies one who was destined to receive kingship from God, and used it with reference to himself in three types of saying, namely group A with reference to his present activity in his earthly ministry; group B with reference to his suffering, death and resurrection; and group C with reference to his future coming, exaltation and function at the last judgement. Genuine sayings of Jesus are to be found in each of these three categories, and together they give us a picture of Jesus as One destined for triumph and sovereignty but achieving this destiny by the path of humiliation, rejection and suffering which was prophesied for the Servant of Yahweh. It is often held that Jesus' use of the title may have had a certain ‘collective’ nuance; just as in Daniel vii it indicated a representative or symbol of the saints of the Most High, so in the Gospels it may refer to the people of God whose head Jesus conceived himself to be.

scholarly journals Studies of the receptor for phage A25 in group A streptococci: the role of peptidoglycan in reversible adsorption.

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
P P Cleary ◽  
L W Wannamaker ◽  
M Fisher ◽  
N Laible
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cellular Component ◽  
Irreversible Adsorption ◽  
Reversible Binding ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Irreversible Reaction ◽  
Reversible Adsorption ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Irreversible adsorption of a virulent phage, phage A25, to heat-killed streptococci, groups A, G, and A variant, has been achieved. Adsorption reflected the observed host range for phage A25 in that heat-killed group B cells were not able to inactivate the phage. Broken cells, cell walls, and peptidoglycan prepared from a group A strain K56 failed to adsorb the phage irreversibly, but retained the potential to carry out reversible adsorption. Experimental data including electron microscopy have demonstrated the specificity of reversible adsorption and have identified the peptidoglycan as a necessary cellular component of the receptor. The sensitivity of whole cells and purified peptidoglycan to muralytic enzymes suggests that the cell wall and peptidoglycan must be intact for optimal adsorption. In general the results are explained by postulating that adsorption of A25 phage particles to group A cells occurs by a two-step process; the first step involves recognition and reversible binding of the phage tail to the cell wall peptidoglycan, the second step is an irreversible reaction catalyzed by a yet unidentified cellular component which is destroyed when cells are ruptured.

scholarly journals Various morphological aspects of Escherichia coli lysis by two distinct RNA bacteriophages

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 2601-2606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tohru Nishihara
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Lysis Gene ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Rna Phage

Transmission electron micrographs of Escherichia coli cells induced by cloned lysis genes from RNA bacteriophages GA (group A-II) and SP (group B-IV) revealed various morphological aspects of intermediates of lysing cells. Cells induced by the SP lysis gene became stretched and also tapered in shape and fragmentation of parts of the cells had also occurred. Cells induced by the GA lysis gene showed many ballooning structures on the cell surfaces and others leaked material through the cell wall. Some balloon-like structures also appeared on the surfaces of cells induced by the cloned lysis gene of RNA phage SP and material also appeared to be leaking through the cell wall in the photographs. The lysing cells observed by transmission electron microscopy showed various morphological aspects of intermediates of the lysing process.

scholarly journals Comparison of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotics versus cell wall inhibitor antibiotics for treatment of diabetic foot.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (06) ◽  
pp. 1212-1216
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Azhar ◽  
Naeem Akhtar ◽  
Muhammad Kamran Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infection ◽  
Surgical Department ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Diabetic foot infection is a form of soft tissue infection which rapidly involves the tissues of foot. It can affect all parts of foot but pressure areas of foot are commonly involved. Early diagnosis and treatment with proper antibiotic with or without surgical intervention are vital because of high morbidity. Objectives: To compare efficacy of protein synthesis-inhibiting antibiotics (clindamycin) versus cell wall inhibitor (imipenum) for treatment of diabetic foot infections as empirical therapy in term of clearance of infection and wound healing. Study Design: Randomized Clinical Trial. Setting: Surgical department POF Hospital. Period: January 2013 to January 2017. Material & Methods: Total of 94 patients of diabetic foot infection were included in the study through non-probability consecutive sampling. Divided into two groups each have 47 patients. In group A patients were given intravenous (i/v) imipenum while in group B intravenous (i/v) clindamycin was given. Pre and post treatment culture from wound was taken and healing observed in form of granulation tissue. Results: Group A patients (imipenum group) wound healing occurred in only 9 ( 19.1%) patients and in group B (clindamycin group) treatment was effective in 34 (72.3%) patients( P 0.001)  Clearance of infection occurred in 31.91 %(15) in group A and 80.85%(38) in group B(P=0.001). Conclusion: Protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics have shown increased efficacy for control of infection and healing as compared to cell wall inhibitor antibiotics.

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